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Education In Pakistan Information

Education in Pakistan is overseen by the government's Ministry of Education and the provincial governments, whereas the federal government mostly assists in curriculum development, accreditation and in the financing of research. The article 25-A of Constitution of Pakistan obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education to children of the age group 5 to 16 years. “The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such a manner as may be determined by law”.[3]

The education system in Pakistan is generally divided into five levels: primary (grades one through five); middle (grades six through eight); high (grades nine and ten, leading to the Secondary School Certificate or SSC); intermediate (grades eleven and twelve, leading to a Higher Secondary (School) Certificate or HSC); and university programs leading to undergraduate and graduate degrees.[4]

The literacy rate ranges from 97% in Islamabad to 20% in the Kohlu District.[5] Between 2000—2004, Pakistanis in the age group 55–64 had a literacy rate of almost 30%, those aged between 45–54 had a literacy rate of nearly 20%, those between 25–34 had a literacy rate of 20%, and those aged 15–24 had a literacy rate of 10%.[6] These data indicate that, with every passing generation, the literacy rate in Pakistan has risen by around 10%. Literacy rates vary regionally, particularly by sex. In tribal areas female literacy is 7.5%.[7] Moreover, English is fast spreading in Pakistan, with 18 million Pakistanis[8] (11% of the population)[8] having a command over the English language, which makes it the 9th Largest English Speaking Nation[9] in the world and the 3rd largest in Asia.[8] On top of that, Pakistan produces about 445,000 university graduates and 10,000 computer science graduates per year.[10] Despite these statistics, Pakistan still has one of the highest illiteracy rates in the world.[11]

Contents

History

See also: History of education in the Indian subcontinent

Stages of formal education

Primary education

Only 80% of Pakistani children finish primary school education.[12] Furthermore, 85% of Pakistani boys and 100% of Pakistani girls reach grade 5.[13] The standard national system of education is mainly inspired from the British system. Pre-school education is designed for 3–5 years old and usually consists of three stages: Play Group, Nursery and Kindergarten (also called 'KG' or 'Prep'). After pre-school education, students go through junior school from grades 1 to 5. This is proceeded by middle school from grades 6 to 8. At middle school, single-sex education is usually preferred by the community but co-education is also common in urban cities. The curriculum is usually subject to the institution. The eight commonly examined disciplines are Urdu, English, mathematics, arts, science, social studies, Islamiyat and sometimes computer studies which is subject to availability of a computer laboratory. Some institutes also give instruction in foreign languages such as Turkish, Arabic, Persian, French and Chinese. The language of instruction depends on the nature of the institution itself, whether it is an English-medium school or an Urdu-medium school.

As of year 2009, Pakistan faces a net primary school attendance rate for both sexes of 66 per cent. A figure below estimated world average of 90 per cent.[14]

Pakistan’s poor performance in the education sector is mainly caused by the low level of public investment.Public expenditure on education has been 2.2 percent of GNP in recent years, a marginal increase from 2 percent before 1984-85. In addition, the allocation of government funds is skewed towards higher education, allowing the upper income class to reap majority of the benefits of public subsidy on education. Lower education institutes such as primary schools suffer under such conditions as the lower income classes are unable to enjoy subsidies and quality education. As a result, Pakistan has one of the lowest rates of literacy in the world, and the lowest among countries of comparative resources and socio-economic situations.[15]

Qualitative Dimension

In Pakistan, the quality of education has a declining trend. Shortage of teachers and poorly equipped laboratories has resulted in the out-dated curriculum that has little relevance to present day needs.[15]

Quantitative Dimension

Causative factors include defective curricula, dual medium of instruction, poor quality of teachers, cheating in the examinations and overcrowded classrooms. However, efforts are on the way of moulding the curriculum to meet its national requirements.[15]

Gender Differences

There is great difference in the rates of enrollment of boys, as compared to girls in Pakistan. According to UNESCO figures, primary school enrolment for girls stand at 60 per cent as compared to 84 per cent for boys. The secondary school enrolment rate stands at a lower rate of 32 per cent for females and 46 per cent males. Regular school attendance for female students is estimated at 41 per cent while that for male students is 50 per cent.[14]

Secondary education

Secondary education in Pakistan begins from grade 9 and lasts for four years. After end of each of the four school years, students are required to pass a national examination administered by a regional Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education (or BISE).

Upon completion of grade 9, students are expected to take a standardised test in each of the first parts of their academic subjects. They again give these tests of the second parts of the same courses at the end of grade 10. Upon successful completion of these two examinations, they are awarded a Secondary School Certificate (or SSC). This locally termed as 'matriculation certificate' or 'matric' for short. The curriculum usually includes a combination of eight courses including electives (such as Biology, Chemistry, Computing and Physics) as well as compulsory subjects (such as Mathematics, English, Urdu, Islamiyat and Pakistani Studies).

Students then enter an intermediate college and complete grades 11 and 12. Upon completion of each of the two grades, they again take standardised tests in their academic subjects. Upon successful completion of these examinations, students are awarded the Higher Secondary (School) Certificate (or HSC). This level of education is also called the FSc/FA or 'intermediate'. There are many streams students can choose for their 11 and 12 grades, such as pre-medical, pre-engineering, humanities (or social sciences) and commerce. Each stream consists of three electives and as well as three compulsory subjects of English, Urdu, Islamiyat (grade 11 only) and Pakistani Studies (grade 12 only).

Alternative qualifications in Pakistan are also available but are maintained by other examination boards instead BISE. Most common alternative is the General Certificate of Education (or GCE), where SSC and HSC are replaced by Ordinary Level (or O Level) and Advanced Level (or A Level) respectively. Other qualifications include IGCSE which replaces SSC. GCE O Level, IGCSE and GCE AS/A Level are managed by British examination boards of CIE of the Cambridge Assessment and/or Edexcel of the Pearson PLC. Generally, 8-10 courses are selected by students at GCE O Levels and 3-5 at GCE A Levels.

Advanced Placement (or AP) is an alternative option but much less common than GCE or IGCSE. This replaces the secondary school education as 'High School Education' instead. AP exams are monitored by a North American examination board, College Board and can only be given under supervision of centers which are registered with the College Board, unlike GCE O/AS/A Level and IGCSE which can also be given privately.There is another type of Education in Pakistan which called Technical education. currently three boards, Punjab Board of Technical Education, NWFP Board of Technical Education, and Sindh Board of Technical Education providing facilities of technical education. PBTE( Punjab Board of Technical Education) offering Matric tac. and D.A.E (Diploma of Associate Engineering) in different technologies like Civil, Architecture, Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics, Computer Sciences and many more technologies. This is consist of three years and combination of Physics, Chemistry, Islamic study, Pakistan Study and other more than 25 books related to there Technology. After matric and then three years diploma is equal to 12th grade, and diploma holder called Associate Engineer. Either they can join there respective field or can take admition in B-tech or BE in there related technology after D.A.E.

Tertiary education

The University of the Punjab, established 1882 in Lahore, is the oldest University of Pakistan.

According to the OECD's 2009 Global Education Digest, 6.3% of Pakistanis (8.9% of males and 3.5% of females) were university graduates as of 2007.[16] Pakistan plans to increase this figure to 10% by 2015 and subsequently to 15% by 2020.[17] There is also a great deal of variety between the different age cohorts. Less than 6% of those in the age cohort 55-64 have a degree, compared to 8% in the 45-54 age cohort, 11% in the 35-44 age cohort and 16% in the age cohort 25-34.[18]

GIK Institute from the Clock Tower Quaid-i-Azam University entrance

After earning their HSC, students may study in a professional college for Bachelor's degree courses such as engineering (B.Engg), medicine (MBBS), dentistry (BDS), veterinary medicine (DVM), law (LLB), architecture (B.Arch), pharmacy (Pharm-D) and nursing (B.Nurs). These courses require four or five years of study. There are some councils and boards that will handle all the educational matters in these cases and they are known as the PMDC, Pakistan pharmacy council and Pakistan nursing council. Students can also attend a university for Bachelor of Arts (BA), Bachelor of Science (BSc), Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) or Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) degree courses. These all are the courses that are done in Pakistan and are really common but these days doctor of pharmacy is also gaining much reputation. The pharmacy council of Pakistan is doing huge struggle to make the pharmacy education better.

There are two types of Bachelor courses in Pakistan: Pass or Honors. Pass degree requires two years of study and students normally read three optional subjects (such as Chemistry or Economics) in addition to almost equal number of compulsory subjects (such as English and Pakistan Studies). Honours degree requires three or four years of study, and students normally specialize in a chosen field of study, such as Biochemistry (BSc Hons. Biochemistry). It can be noted that Pass Bachelors is now slowly being phased out for Honours throughout the country.

Quaternary education

Most of Master's degree programs require 2 years education. Masters in Philosphy (M.Phill) is available in most of the subjects and can be undertaken after doing Masters. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) education is also available in selected areas and is usually pursued after earning a M.Phill degree. Students pursuing M.Phill or PhD degrees must choose a specific field and a university that is doing research work in that field. M.Phill and PhD education in Pakistan requires minimum of 2 years of study.

Gender disparity

See also: Women's education in Pakistan

Among other criticisms the Pakistani education system faces is the gender disparity in enrollment levels. However, in recent years some progress has been made in trying to fix this problem. In 1990-91, the female to male ratio (F/M ratio) of enrollment was 0.47 for primary level of education. It reached to 0.74 in 1999-2000, showing the F/M ratio has improved by 57.44% within the decade. For the middle level of education it was 0.42 in the start of decade and increased to 0.68 by the end of decade, so it has improved almost 62%. In both cases the gender disparity is decreased but relatively more rapidly at middle level.[19]

The gender disparity in enrollment at secondary level of education was 0.4 in 1990-91 and 0.67 in 1999-2000, showing that the disparity decreased by 67.5% in the decade. At the college level it was 0.50 in 1990-91 and reached 0.81 in 1999-2000, showing that the disparity decreased by 64%. The gender disparity has decreased comparatively rapidly at secondary school.[19]

However, the gender disparity is affected by the Taliban enforcement of a complete ban on female education in the Swat district, as reported in a January 21, 2009 issue of the Pakistan daily newspaper The News. Some 400 private schools enrolling 40,000 girls have been shut down. At least 10 girls' schools that tried to open after the January 15, 2009 deadline by the Taliban were blown up by the militants in the town of Mingora, the headquarters of the Swat district.[20] "More than 170 schools have been bombed or torched, along with other government-owned buildings."[20]

Achievements

Abdus Salam

Main article: Abdus Salam

Abdus Salam was a Pakistani theoretical physicist and Nobel laureate in Physics for his work on the electroweak unification of the electromagnetic and weak forces. Salam, Sheldon Glashow and Steven Weinberg shared the 1979 Nobel prize for this discovery. Salam holds the distinction of being the first Pakistani and the first Muslim Nobel Laureate to receive the prize in the sciences. Salam heavily contributed to the rise of Pakistani physics to the Physics community in the world.[21][22]

Education Expenditure as Percentage of GDP

Public expenditure on education lies on the fringes of 2 percent of GDP. However, the government recently approved the new national education policy, which stipulates that education expenditure will be increased to 7% of GDP,[23] an idea that was first suggested by the Punjab government.[24] Author of an article, which reviews the history of education spending in Pakistan since 1972, argues that this policy target raises a fundamental question: What extraordinary things are going to happen that would enable Pakistan to achieve within six years what it has been unable to lay a hand on in the past six decades? The policy document is blank on this question and does not discuss the assumptions that form the basis of this target. Calculations of the author show that during the past 37 years, the highest public expenditure on education was 2.80 percent of GDP in 1987-88. Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP was actually reduced in 16 years and maintained in 5 years between 1972–73 and 2008-09. Thus, out of total 37 years since 1972, public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP either decreased or remained stagnant for 21 years. The author argues if linear trend were maintained since 1972, Pakistan could have touched 4 percent of GDP well before 2015. However, it is unlikely to happen because the levels of spending have had remained significantly unpredictable and unsteady in the past. Given this disappointing trajectory, increasing public expenditure on education to 7 percent of GDP would be nothing less than a miracle but it is not going to be of godly nature. Instead, it is going to be the one of political nature because it has to be "invented" by those who are at the helm of affairs. The author suggests that little success can be made unless Pakistan adopts an "unconventional" approach to education. That is to say, education sector should be treated as a special sector by immunizing budgetary allocations for it from fiscal stresses and political and economic instabilities. Allocations for education should not be affected by squeezed fiscal space or surge in military expenditure or debts. At the same time, there is a need to debate others options about how Pakistan can "invent" the miracle of raising education expenditure to 7 percent of GDP by 2015.[25]

Universities World Rankings

According to the Quality Standard World University Ranking 2010 there are two Pakistani universities among top 200 Technology Universities of the World. Eleven Pakistani other universities including INSTITUTE OF SPACE TECHNOLOGY (IST),Quaid-e-Azam University, National University of Science & Technology, University of Karachi, ranked among World Top 1000 Universities of world, according to World Ranking of Universities.[26]

Language

Education in Pakistan is carried out in two languages, Urdu and English. While Urdu is the national language of Pakistan, the language was originally and initially developed in Uttar Pradesh in neighboring India. The language was chosen as the national language by the Founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah and has no relation to the belief that it was brought to Pakistan during the Partition of India by migrants called Muhajir Urdu. Urdu quickly dominated the Pakistani political landscape and Urdu is a mandatory in all schools and educational institutions as part of a strategy to undermine the indigenous languages and cultures of the region (some of them being Punjabi, Sindhi, Pashto, Brahui). Education in Pakistan was severely affected by the language bias.[27] According to a 2010 British Council report, this forced imposition of Urdu on non-Urdu speakers in Pakistani schools and universities has resulted in the systematic degradation and decline of many of Pakistan's indigenous cultures, is partly responsible for a rise in reactionary rebellions against this ethnocracy (such as Sindhi nationalism, Baloch insurgency etc.), and contributes to discontent and political instability in the country.[28] The report also cites rising illiteracy rates in Pakistan among the indigenous and attributes it to the forced imposition of Urdu in schools, leading to non-Urdu speakers, feeling threatened by the neglect of their languages in Pakistani education, becoming increasingly reluctant to enroll in these schools.

Statistics

Literacy rate

Literacy Rate - Pakistan Literacy Map Pakistan Literacy by Province Literacy by Federal Area

It needs to be highlighted that from census to census the definition of literacy has been undergoing a change, resultantly the literacy figure has vascillated irregularly during the last 5 census. An update of the five censuses is as under:[29]

Year of census[29] Male[29] Female[29] Total[29] Urban[30] Rural[30] Definition of being "literate"[29] Age group[30]
1951 19.2%[31] 12.2%[31] 16.4% -- -- One who can read a clear print in any language All Ages
1961 26.9%[31] 8.2%[31] 16.3% 34.8% 10.6% One who is able to read with understanding a simple letter in any language Age 5 and above
1972 30.2% 11.6% 21.7% 41.5% 14.3% One who is able to read and write in some language with understanding Age 10 and Above
1981 35.1% 16.0% 26.2% 47.1% 17.3% One who can read newspaper and write a simple letter Age 10 and Above
1998 54.8% 32.0% 43.9% 63.08% 33.64% One who can read a newspaper and write a simple letter, in any language Age 10 and Above
2004 66.25% 41.75% 54% 71%[32] 44%[32]
2009[1] 69% 45% 57% 74% 48%

Table below shows the literacy rate of Pakistan by province.

Province Literacy Rate[29]
1972 1981 1998 2009[1]
Punjab 20.7% 27.4% 46.6% 59%
Sindh 30.2% 31.5% 45.3% 59%
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa 15.5% 16.7% 35.4% 50%
Balochistan 10.1% 10.3% 26.6% 45%

Table below shows the literacy rate of Federally Administered Areas.

Region Literacy Rate
1981 1998 2007
Islamabad 47.8%[33][34] 72.88%[33] 87%[5]
Azad Kashmir 25.7%[35] 55%[36] 62%(2004)[37]
Gilgit-Baltistan 3% (female)[38] 37.85%[38] 53%(2006)[38]
Tribal Areas 6.38%[33] 17.42%[39][40] 22%[7]
Literacy rate of Pakistani districts (2007)[41]
Rank District Province Literacy rate Rank District Province Literacy rate
1 Islamabad Capital Territory 87% 11 Quetta Balochistan 62%
2 Rawalpindi Punjab 80% 12 Faisalabad Punjab 62%
3 Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 79% 13 Mandi Bahauddin Punjab 62%
4 Karachi Sindh 77% 14 Toba Tek Singh Punjab 62%
5 Lahore Punjab 74% 15 Attock Punjab 61%
6 Chakwal Punjab 74% 16 Ziarat Balochistan 61%
7 Gujrat Punjab 71% 17 Mianwali Punjab 60%
8 Gujranwala Punjab 69% 18 Sialkot Punjab 59%
9 Abbottabad Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 67% 19 Sheikhupura Punjab 59%
10 Haripur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 63% 20 Sukkur Sindh 59%

School attendance

Population aged 10 & over that has ever attended school, highest and lowest figures by region. Islamabad has the highest rate in the country at 85%, whilst Jhal Magsi has the lowest rate at 20%.[42]

Province Highest Lowest
Punjab Rawalpindi (80%) Muzaffargarh and Rajanpur (40%)
Sindh Karachi (78%) Jacobabad (34%)
Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Peshawar (79%) Upper Dir (34%)
Balochistan Quetta (64%) Jhal Magsi (20%)

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e http://finance.gov.pk/survey/chapter_10/10_Education.pdf
  2. ^ a b c d "Ministry of Education, Pakistan". http://www.moe.gov.pk/Pakistan%20Education%20Statistics%2007-08.pdf.
  3. ^ [1]
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  6. ^ http://www.unesco.org/education/GMR2006/full/chapt7_eng.pdf - Figure 7.7:
  7. ^ a b http://fata.gov.pk/files/MICS.pdf
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  12. ^ Stuteville, Sarah (August 16, 2009). "seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009670134_pakistanschool16.html". The Seattle Times. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009670134_pakistanschool16.html.
  13. ^ "www.unfpa.org/swp/2009/en/pdf/EN_SOWP09_ICPD.pdf" (PDF). http://www.unfpa.org/swp/2009/en/pdf/EN_SOWP09_ICPD.pdf.
  14. ^ a b UNESCO Institute for Statistics. "Adjusted net enrolment ratio in primary education". UNESCO. http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=3340&IF_Language=eng. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  15. ^ a b c Rasool Memon, Ghulam (2007). "Education in Pakistan: The Key Issues, Problems and The New Challenges". Journal of Management and Social Sciences 3 (1): 47–55. http://www.international.ac.uk/resources/Education%20in%20Pakistan%20-%20The%20Key%20Issues,%20Problems%20and%20The%20New%20Challenges.pdf. Retrieved 19 September 2011.
  16. ^
  17. ^ http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+cabinet+approves+education+policy+2009-za-08
  18. ^ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named uis.usman.org; see the help page.
  19. ^ a b Khan, Tasnim; Khan, Rana Ejaz Ali (2004). "Gender Disparity in Education - Extents, Trends and Factors" (pdf). Journal of Research (Faculty of Languages & Islamic Studies). http://bzu.edu.pk/jrlanguages/Vol-5%202004/Tasnim%20Khan%20&%20Rana%20Ejaz-3.pdf. Retrieved 2009-03-08.
  20. ^ a b The News, Pakistan, January 21, 2009.
  21. ^ Ishfaq Ahmad (1998-11-21). "CERN and Pakistan: a personal perspective". CERN Courier. http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28934l. Retrieved 2008-02-18.
  22. ^ Riazuddin (1998-11-21). "Pakistan Physics Centre". ICTP. http://portal.ictp.it/pio/words/newsletter/backissues/News_90/dateline.html/?searchterm=Riazuddin. Retrieved 2011.
  23. ^ Khawar Ghumman. "Education to be allocated seven pc of GDP". http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/news/pakistan/13+cabinet+approves+education+policy+2009-za-08.
  24. ^ "www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/06-Sep-2009/Punjab-govt-suggests-200pc-increase-in-edu-budget". http://www.nation.com.pk/pakistan-news-newspaper-daily-english-online/Regional/Lahore/06-Sep-2009/Punjab-govt-suggests-200pc-increase-in-edu-budget.
  25. ^ Mazhar Siraj (4 July 2010). "Increasing Education Expenditure to 7 percent of GDP in Pakistan: Eyes on the Miracle". Business Recorder (Islamabad). http://www.brecorder.com/index.php?show=&&id=1076881&currPageNo=1&query=&search=&term=&supDate=
  26. ^ "Two Pakistani universities ranked among top 200 World’s Technology Universities". http://www.ilmkidunya.com/edunews/two-pakistani-universities-ranked-among-top-200-world-s-technology-universities-5570.aspx.
  27. ^ Max de Lotbinière (8 December 2010). "Pakistan facing language 'crisis' in schools". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/education/2010/dec/07/pakistan-schools-language-crisis-lotbiniere. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  28. ^ Hywel Coleman (2010). TEACHING AND LEARNING IN PAKISTAN: THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN EDUCATION (Report). British Council, Pakistan. http://www.britishcouncil.org/pakistan-ette-role-of-language-in-education.htm. Retrieved 8 December 2010.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g "unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145959e.pdf" (PDF). http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/001459/145959e.pdf.
  30. ^ a b c http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001357/135793eb.pdf
  31. ^ a b c d http://www.pap.org.pk/files/statisticalprofile.pdf
  32. ^ a b http://www.eurojournals.com/ejefas_15_13.pdf
  33. ^ a b c http://www.census.gov.pk/Literacy.htm
  34. ^ http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4166/1/MPRA_paper_4166.pdf
  35. ^ http://www.google.co.uk/search?tbs=bks:1&tbo=1&q=AJK+literacy+rate+1981+census&btnG=Search+Books#hl=en&safe=off&tbo=1&tbs=bks%3A1&q=AJK+literacy+rate+1981+census+25.7%25&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai=&pbx=1&fp=ba99e4b9aa5dc78e
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  37. ^ http://pakistantimes.net/2004/09/27/kashmir5.htm
  38. ^ a b c http://www.dawn.com/wps/wcm/connect/dawn-content-library/dawn/in-paper-magazine/education/education-in-gilgit-and-baltistan-809
  39. ^ http://www.allvoices.com/contributed-news/6095465-government-steps-up-efforts-to-improve-literacy-status-in-fata
  40. ^ http://www.khalidaziz.com/Agenda_for_Fata_Reform.pdf
  41. ^ http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/pslm_prov2006-07/2.14a.pdf
  42. ^ "www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/pslm0405_district/education.pdf" (PDF). http://www.statpak.gov.pk/depts/fbs/statistics/pslm0405_district/education.pdf.

Further reading

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Judicial Federal (Supreme Council • Chief Justice • Supreme Court • Shariat Court) • Provincial (High Court) • Local (District Courts)
Law and Crime Constitution • Provisional Constitutional Order • Law enforcement (Police • CID • ANF) • Capital punishment • Terrorism (State terrorism)
Military History • Branches (Army • Air • Navy • Marines • Coast • Paramilitary • Nuclear)
Related topics Politics (Elections • Political parties) Foreign relations • Jirga • Feudalism • Human rights (LGBT rights) • State of emergency, 2007
Culture
Arts Architecture • Cinema (Films) • Dance • Folklore • Literature (Mushaira) • Music • Philosophy • Textiles • Theatre
Community Diaspora/Immigration • Ethnicity • Feudalism • Gender disparity • Human rights (LGBT) • Marriage • Naming • List of Pakistanis • Religion • Social clubs • Women
Lifestyle Clothing (Shalwar-Kameez) • Cosmetics (Mehndi) • Cuisine • Etiquette • Gun culture • Languages (Urdu) • Nationalism (Flags • Holidays • Symbols • Songs) • Prostitution
Sports Athletics • Baseball • Boxing • Cricket • Cycling • Field hockey • Football • Gilli-danda • Golf • Kabaddi • Motorsport • Marathon • Olympics/Paralympics • Polo • Rugby • Squash • Tennis • Swimming
Places Botanical gardens • Cemeteries • Churches • Forts • Gurdwaras • Heritage sites • Hindu temples • Libraries • Mausolea/Shrines • Mosques • Museums • Parks • Stadiums • Zoos
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Education in Asia
Sovereign states
States with limited recognition
Dependencies and other territories
  • British Indian Ocean Territory
  • Christmas Island
  • Cocos (Keeling) Islands
  • Hong Kong
  • Macau
School types
by educational stage
Early childhood Preschool · Pre-K · Kindergarten · Nursery school
Primary education Elementary school · Primary school
Secondary education Adult high school · Comprehensive school · Grammar school · Gymnasium · High school · Lyceum · Middle school · Secondary school · Sixth form college · University-preparatory school · Upper school
Tertiary education
Higher education Academy · College · Community college · Graduate school · Institute of technology · Junior college · University · Upper division college · Vocational university
Continuing education · Further education · Vocational school
by funding / eligibility Academy (England) · Charter school · Comprehensive school · For-profit education · Free education · Free school (England) · Independent school · Independent school (United Kingdom) (Preparatory school (United Kingdom) · Public school (United Kingdom)) · Private school · Selective school · State or public school
by style of education Adult education · Alternative school · Boarding school · Day school · Folk high school · Free skool · Homeschool · International school · K-12 · Madrasah · Magnet school · Montessori school · Parochial school · Virtual school
by scope College preparatory · Compulsory education · Democratic education · Gifted education · Remedial education · Vocational education

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