Timeline of Christianity Information

The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Christianity from the beginning of the current era (AD) to the present. Question marks on dates indicate approximate dates.

Main article: Chronology of Jesus

The year one is the first year in the Christian calendar (there is no year zero), which is the calendar presently used (in unison with the Gregorian calendar) almost everywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to be the year Jesus was born; however, most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed upon being between 6 BC and 4 BC

• 6 Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as Iudaea Province under direct Roman administration,^[1] capital at Caesarea, Quirinius became Legate (Governor) of Syria, conducted Census of Quirinius, opposed by Zealots (JA18, Luke 2:1-3, Acts 5:37)
• 7-26 Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee^[2]
• 9 Pharisee leader Hillel the Elder dies, temporary rise of Shammai
• 14-37 Tiberius, Roman Emperor
• 18-36 Caiaphas, appointed High Priest of Herod's Temple by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate Lucius Vitellius
• 19 Jews, Jewish Proselytes, Astrologers, expelled from Rome^[3]
• 26-36 Pontius Pilate, Prefect (governor) of Iudaea, recalled to Rome by Syrian Legate Vitellius on complaints of excess violence (JA18.4.2)
• 28 or 29 John the Baptist began his ministry in the "15th year of Tiberius" (Luke 3:1-2), saying: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (Matt 3:1-2), a relative of Jesus (Luke 1:36), a Nazirite (Luke 1:15), baptized Jesus (Mark 1:4-11), later arrested and beheaded by Herod Antipas (Luke 3:19-20), it's possible that, according to Josephus' chronology, John was not killed until 36 (JA18.5.2)^[4]

Jesus began his ministry after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (Matt 4:12-17). While the historicity of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by some critical scholars and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following chronology for his ministry: Temptation, Sermon on the Mount, Appointment of the Twelve, Miracles, Temple Money Changers, Last Supper, Arrest, Trial, Passion, Crucifixion on Good Friday (Mark 15:42,John 19:42), Nisan 14th (John 19:14,Mark 14:2, Gospel of Peter) or Nisan 15th (Synoptic Gospels), (7Apr30, 3Apr33, 30Mar36, possible Fri-14-Nisan dates, -Meier), entombment by Pharisees Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus of the Sanhedrin, Resurrection by God on Easter Sunday, appearances to Paul of Tarsus (1Cor 15:3-9), Simon Peter (Luke 24:34), Mary Magdalene (Mark 16:9,John 20:10-18), and others, Great Commission, Ascension, Second Coming Prophecy to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and establishment of the Kingdom of God and the Messianic Age.

Contents 1 Apostolic Age 2 Ante-Nicene Period 3 First Seven Ecumenical Councils 4 Middle Ages 5 Renaissance 6 Reformation 7 17th century 8 18th century 9 19th century 10 20th century 11 21st century 12 Sources 13 See also 14 External links 15 Footnotes

Apostolic Age

Main article: Apostolic Age

Shortly after the Death (Nisan 14 or 15) and Resurrection and Great Commission and Ascension of Jesus, the Jerusalem church was founded as the first Christian church with about 120 Jews and Jewish Proselytes (Acts 1:15), followed by Pentecost (Sivan 6), the Ananias and Sapphira incident, Pharisee Gamaliel's defense of the Apostles (5:34-39), the stoning of Saint Stephen (see also Persecution of Christians) and the subsequent dispersal of the church (7:54-8:8) which led to the baptism of Simon Magus in Samaria (8:9-24), and also an Ethiopian eunuch (8:26-40). Paul's "Road to Damascus" conversion to "Apostle to the Gentiles" is first recorded in 9:13-16, cf. Gal 1:11-24. Peter baptized the Roman Centurion Cornelius, who is traditionally considered the first Gentile convert to Christianity (10). The Antioch church was founded, it was there that the term Christian was first used (11:26).

• 37-41 Crisis under Caligula, proposed as the first open break between Rome and the Jews^[5]
• before 44 Epistle of James if written by James the Great
• 44? Saint James the Great: According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January of the year AD 40, the Virgin Mary appeared to James on a Pilar on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta, while he was preaching the Gospel in Spain. Following that vision, St James returned to Judea, where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44 during a Passover (Nisan 15) (Acts 12:1-3).
• 44 Death of Herod Agrippa I (JA19.8.2, Acts 12:20-23)
• 44-46? Theudas beheaded by Procurator Cuspius Fadus for saying he would part the Jordan river (like Moses and the Red Sea or Joshua and the Jordan) (JA20.5.1, Acts 5:36-37 places it before the Census of Quirinius)
• 45-49? Mission of Barnabas and Paul, (Acts 13:1-14:28), to Cyprus, Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, Lystra and Derbe (there they were called "gods ... in human form"), then return to Syrian Antioch. Map1
• 47 The Church of the East is created by Saint Thomas
• 48-100 Herod Agrippa II appointed King of the Jews by Claudius, seventh and last of the Herodians
• 49 "Since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus,^[6] he [Claudius] expelled them from Rome." (referenced in Acts 18:2)^[7]
• 50 Passover riot in Jerusalem, 20-30,000 killed (JA20.5.3,JW2.12.1)
• 50? Council of Jerusalem and the "Apostolic Decree", Acts 15:1-35, same as Galatians 2:1-10?, which is followed by the Incident at Antioch^[8] at which Paul publicly accused Peter of "Judaizing" (2:11-21), see also Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
• 50-53? Paul's 2nd mission, (Acts 15:36-18:22), split with Barnabas, to Phrygia, Galatia, Macedonia, Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, Corinth, "he had his hair cut off at Cenchrea because of a vow he had taken", then return to Antioch; 1 Thessalonians, Galatians written? Map2
• 51-52 or 52-53 proconsulship of Gallio according to an inscription, only fixed date in chronology of Paul^[9]
• 52, November 21 St. Thomas the Apostle landed in Muziris (Kodungalloor), India.^[10] Established churches at Kodungalloor, Palayoor, Paraur, Kottakkav, Kokkamangalam, Nilakkal, Niranam and Kollam.
• 53-57? Paul's 3rd mission, (Acts 18:23-22:30), to Galatia, Phrygia, Corinth, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece, and Jerusalem where James the Just challenged him about rumor of teaching antinomianism (21:21), he addressed a crowd in their language (most likely Aramaic), Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Philippians written? Map3
• 55? "Egyptian Prophet" (allusion to Moses) and 30,000 unarmed Jews doing The Exodus reenactment massacred by Procurator Antonius Felix (JW2.13.5, JA20.8.6, Acts 21:38)
• 58? Paul arrested, accused of being a revolutionary, "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", teaching resurrection of the dead, imprisoned in Caesarea (Acts 23-26)
• 59? Paul shipwrecked on Malta, there he was called a god (Acts 28:6)
• 60? Paul in Rome: greeted by many "brothers" (NRSV: "believers"), three days later called together the Jewish leaders, who hadn't received any word from Judea about him, but were curious about "this sect", which everywhere is spoken against; he tried to convince them from the "Law and Prophets", with partial success, said the Gentiles would listen and spent two years proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching the "Lord Jesus Christ" (Acts 28:15-31); Epistle to Philemon written?
• 60-64? early date for writing of 1 Peter (Peter as author)
• before 62 Epistle of James if written by James the Just
• 62 James the Just stoned to death for law transgression by High Priest Ananus ben Artanus, popular opinion against act results in Ananus being deposed by new procurator Lucceius Albinus (JA20.9.1)
• 63-107? Simeon, 2nd Bishop of Jerusalem, crucified under Trajan
• 64-68 after July 18 Great Fire of Rome, Nero blamed and persecuted the Christians (or Chrestians^[11]), possibly the earliest mention of Christians, by that name, in Rome, see also Tacitus on Jesus, Paul beheaded? (Col 1:24,Eph 3:13,2 Tim 4:6-8,1Clem 5:5-7), Peter crucified upside-down? (Jn 21:18,1 Pet 5:13,Tertullian's Prescription Against Heretics chapter XXXVI,Eusebius' Church History Book III chapter I), "...a vast multitude, were convicted, not so much of the crime of incendiarism as of hatred of the human race. And in their deaths they were made the subjects of sport; for they were wrapped in the hides of wild beasts and torn to pieces by dogs, or nailed to crosses, or set on fire, and when day declined, were burned to serve for nocturnal lights." (Annals (Tacitus) XV.44)
• 64/67(?)-76/79(?) Pope Linus succeeds Peter as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome)
• 64 Epistle to the Hebrews written
• 65? Q document, a hypothetical Greek text thought by many critical scholars to have been used in writing of Matthew and Luke
• 66-73 Great Jewish Revolt: destruction of Herod's Temple and end of Judaism according to Supersessionism, Qumran community destroyed, site of Dead Sea Scrolls found in 1947
• 70(+/-10)? Gospel of Mark, written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter (1 Peter 5:13), original ending apparently lost, endings added c.400, see Mark 16
• 70? Signs Gospel written, hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to prove Jesus is the Messiah
• 70-100? additional Pauline Epistles
• 70-200? Gospel of Thomas, Jewish Christian Gospels: Gospel of the Ebionites, Gospel of the Hebrews, Gospel of the Nazarenes
• 72, July 3 Martyrdom of St. Thomas the Apostle at Chinnamala, Mylapore, Chennai (Tamil Nadu).
• 76/79(?)-88 Pope Anacletus first Greek Pope, who succeeds Linus as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome)
• 80(+/-20) Didache
• 80(+/-20)? Gospel of Matthew, based on Mark and Q, most popular in Early Christianity
• 80(+/-20)? Gospel of Luke, based on Mark and Q, also Acts of the Apostles by same author
• 80(+/-20)? Pastoral Epistles written (possible post-Pauline authorship)
• 88-101? Clement, fourth Bishop of Rome, wrote Letter of the Romans to the Corinthians (Apostolic Fathers)
• 90? Council of Jamnia of Judaism (disputed), Domitian applied the Fiscus Judaicus tax even to those who merely "lived like Jews"^[12]
• 90(+/-10)? late date for writing of 1 Peter (associate of Peter as author)
• 94 Testimonium Flavianum, disputed section of Jewish Antiquities by Josephus in Aramaic, translated to Koine Greek
• 95(+/-30)? Gospel of John and Epistles of John
• 95(+/-10)? Book of Revelation written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his
• 96 Nerva modified the Fiscus Judaicus, from then on, practising Jews paid the tax, Christians did not^[13]
• 98-117? Ignatius, third Bishop of Antioch, fed to the lions in the Roman Colosseum, advocated the Bishop (Eph 6:1, Mag 2:1,6:1,7:1,13:2, Tr 3:1, Smy 8:1,9:1), rejected Sabbath on Saturday in favor of The Lord's Day (Sunday). (Mag 9.1), rejected Judaizing (Mag 10.3), first recorded use of the term catholic (Smy 8:2).
• 100(+/-30)? Epistle of Barnabas (Apostolic Fathers)
• 100(+/-25)? Epistle of James if written by author other than James the Just or James the Great
• 100(+/-10)? Epistle of Jude written, probably by doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6,3), rejected by some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal Book of Enoch (v14)

Ante-Nicene Period

Main article: Ante-Nicene Period

• 100-150? Apocryphon of James, Gospel of Mary Magdalene, Gospel of James, Infancy Gospel of Thomas, Secret Gospel of Mark (Complete Gospels, published by Jesus Seminar)
• 110-130? Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, wrote: "Expositions of the Sayings of the Lord", lost, widely quoted (Apostolic Fathers)
• 110-160? Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, Letter to the Philippians, (Apostolic Fathers)
• 120? Rabbi Tarfon advocated burning the Gospels^[14]
• 125(+/-5)? 2 Peter written, widely accepted into canon by early 4th century
• 125? Rylands Library Papyrus P52, oldest extant NT fragment, p. 1935, parts of Jn18:31-33,37-38
• 130-250? "Christian Apologists" writings against Roman religion: Justin Martyr, Athenagoras, Apology of Aristides, Theophilus of Antioch, Tatian, Quadratus, Melito of Sardis, Apollinaris Claudius, Marcus Minucius Felix, Arnobius, Epistle to Diognetus
• 132-135 Bar Kokhba's revolt: final Jewish revolt, Judea and Jerusalem erased from maps, region renamed Syria Palæstina (the term Palestine was originally coined by Herodotus), Jerusalem renamed Aelia Capitolina
• 142-144? Marcion of Sinope, bishop according to Catholic Encyclopedia, went to Rome, possibly to buy the bishopric of Rome, upon rejection formed his own church in Rome, later called Marcionism, rejected Old Testament, decreed canon of one Gospel, one Apostolicon (10 Letters of Paul) and one Antithesis[4] which contrasted the Old Testament with the New Testament, cited Western text-type, see also Expounding of the Law#Antithesis of the Law
• 150? "Western Revisor" adds/subtracts from original Acts to produce Western version which is 10% larger and found in Papyrus P29,38,48 and Codex Bezae (D)
• 150? Valentinius, most famous Christian Gnostic, according to Tertullian narrowly lost election for Bishop of Rome
• 150(+/-10)? Shepherd of Hermas, written in Rome (Apostolic Fathers)
• 150-200? Other Gospels: Unknown Berlin Gospel, Gospel of Peter, Oxyrhynchus Gospels, Dialogue of the Saviour
• 155? Montanus, claimed to be the Paraclete ("Counselor") of John 14:16
• 160? Martyrdom of Polycarp (Apostolic Fathers)
• 170? Dionysius, bishop of Corinth [5] claimed Christians were changing and faking his own letters just as [he knew] they had changed the Gospels (Eusebius' EH 4 c.23 v.12;Ante-Nicene Fathers,v.8)
• 170? Tatian produces "Diatessaron" (Harmony) by blending 4 "Western" text-type Gospels into 1
• 170? Symmachus the Ebionite, new Greek translation of Hebrew Bible
• 177 Persecution in Lyon
• 180? Hegesippus
• 180-202? Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyon, combated heresies, cited "Western" Gospel text-type (Ante-Nicene Fathers); second "Primate of the Gauls"
• 185-350? Muratorian fragment, 1st extant canon for New Testament after Marcion?, written in Rome by Hippolytus?, excludes Hebrews, James, 1-2 Peter, 3 John; includes Wisdom of Solomon, Apocalypse of Peter
• 186? Saint Apollonius, used the term catholic in reference to 1 John
• 188-231 Saint Demetrius, bishop of Alexandria, condemned Origen
• 189-198 Pope Victor I, 1st Latin Pope, excommunicated Eastern churches that continued to observe Easter on Nisan 14 Quartodeciman
• 196? Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
• 199-217? Caius [6] [7], presbyter of Rome, wrote "Dialogue against Proclus" in Ante-Nicene Fathers, rejected Revelation, said to be by Gnostic Cerinthus, see also Alogi
• 200? Papyrus 46: 2nd Chester Beatty, Alexandrian text-type; Papyrus 66: 2nd Bodmer, John, 1956, "Alexandrian/Western" text-types; Papyrus 75: Bodmer 14-15, Luke & John, earliest extant Luke, ~Vaticanus; 200? Papyrus 32: J. Rylands Library: Titus 1:11-15;2:3-8; Papyrus 64 (+67): Mt3:9,15; 5:20-22,25-28; 26:7-8,10,14-15,22-23,31-33
• 200? Sextus Julius Africanus
• 200? Antipope Natalius [8], rival bishop of Rome, according to Eusebius's EH5.28.8-12, quoting the Little Labyrinth of Hippolytus, after being "scourged all night by the holy angels", covered in ash, dressed in sackcloth, and "after some difficulty", tearfully submitted to Pope Zephyrinus
• 217-236 Antipope Hippolytus, Logos sect? Later dispute settled and considered martyr, Roman canon
• 218-258 Cyprian, Bishop of Carthage, cited "Western" NT text-type, claimed Christians were freely forging his letters to discredit him (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
• 220? Clement of Alexandria, cited "Alexandrian" NT text-type & Secret Gospel of Mark & Gospel of the Egyptians; wrote: "Exhortations to the Greeks"; "Rich Man's Salutation"; "To the Newly Baptized"; (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
• 220?-340? Codex Tchacos, manuscript containing a copy of the Gospel of Judas has been written.
• 223? Tertullian, sometimes called "father of the Latin Church" because he coined trinitas, tres Personae, una Substantia, Vetus Testamentum, Novum Testamentum, convert to Montanism, cited "Western" Gospel text-type (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
• 225? Papyrus 45: 1st Chester Beatty Papyri, Gospels (Caesarean text-type, mixed), Acts (Alexandrian text-type)
• 235-238 Maximinus Thrax, emperor of Rome, ends Christian schism in Rome by deporting Pope Pontian and Antipope Hippolytus to Sardinia where they soon die
• 248-264 Dionysius, Patriarch of Alexandria see also List of Patriarchs of Alexandria
• 250? Apostolic Constitutions, Liturgy of St James, Old Roman Symbol, Clementine literature
• 250? Letters of Methodius, Pistis Sophia, Porphyry Tyrius, Commodianus (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
• 250? Papyrus 72: Bodmer 5-11+, pub. 1959, "Alexandrian" text-type: Nativity of Mary; 3Cor; Odes of Solomon 11; Jude 1-25; Melito's Homily on Passover; Hymn fragment; Apology of Phileas; Ps33,34; 1Pt1:1-5:14; 2Pt1:1-3:18
• 250? Origen, Jesus and God one substance, adopted at First Council of Nicaea in 325, compiled Hexapla; cites Alexandrian, Caesarean text-type; Eusebius claimed Origen castrated himself for Christ due to Mt19:12 (EH6.8.1-3)
• 251-424? Synods of Carthage
• 251-258 Antipope Novatian, decreed no forgiveness for sins after baptism (An antipope was an individual whose claim to the papacy was either rejected by the Church at the time or later recognized as invalid.)^[15]
• 254-257 Pope Stephen I; major schism over rebaptizing heretics and apostates
• 258 "Valerian's Massacre": Roman emperor issued edict to execute immediately all Christian Bishops, Presbyters, and Deacons, including Pope Sixtus II, Antipope Novatian, Cyprian of Carthage (CE: Valerian, Schaff's History Vol 2 Chap 2 § 22)
• 264-269 Synods of Antioch, condemned Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch, founder of Adoptionism (Jesus was human until Holy Spirit descended at his baptism), also condemned term homoousios adopted at Nicaea
• 265 Gregory Thaumaturgus (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
• 270? Anthony begins monastic movement
• 275? Papyrus 47: 3rd Chester Beatty, ~Sinaiticus, Rev9:10-11:3,5-16:15,17-17:2
• 276 Mani (prophet), crucified, founder of the dualistic Manichaean sect in Persia
• 282-300? Theonas, bishop of Alexandria (Ante-Nicene Fathers)
• 290-345? St Pachomius, founder of Christian monasticism
• 296-304 Pope Marcellinus, offered pagan sacrifices for Diocletian, later repented. Name in Martyrology of Bede
• 301 - Armenia was the first in history to adopt Christianity as state religion.
• 303-312 Diocletian's Massacre of Christians, included burning of scriptures (EH 8.2)
• 303 Saint George, patron saint of England, and other states
• 304? Victorinus, bishop of Pettau
• 304? Pope Marcellinus, having repented from his previous defection, suffered martyrdom with several companions.
• 306 Synod of Elvira, prohibited relations between Christians and Jews
• 310 Maxentius deports Pope Eusebius and Heraclius [9] [10] to Sicily (relapse controversy)
• 312 Lucian of Antioch, founded School of Antioch, martyred
• 312 Vision of Constantine: while gazing into the sun he saw a cross with the words by this sign conquer, see also Labarum, he was later called the 13th Apostle and Equal-to-apostles
• 313 Edict of Milan, Constantine and Licinius end persecution, establish toleration of Christianity
• 313? Lateran Palace given to Pope Miltiades for residence by Constantine
• 313? traditional date for founding of the Brotherhood of the Holy Sepulchre
• 314 Catholic Council of Arles [11], called by Constantine against Donatist schism to confirm the Council of Rome in 313
• 314-340? Eusebius, bishop of Caesarea, church historian, cited Caesarean text-type, wrote Ecclesiastical History in 325^[16]
• 317? Lactantius
• 321 Constantine decreed Sunday as state "day of rest" (CJ3.12.2), see also Sol Invictus

First Seven Ecumenical Councils

Main article: First seven Ecumenical Councils

Constantine called the First Council of Nicaea in 325 to unify Christology, also called the first great Christian council by Jerome, the first ecumenical, decreed the Original Nicene Creed, but rejected by Nontrinitarians such as Arius, Theonas, Secundus of Ptolemais, Eusebius of Nicomedia, and Theognis of Nicaea who were excommunicated, also addressed Easter controversy and passed 20 Canon laws such as Canon VII which granted special recognition to Jerusalem.

• 325 The First Council of Nicaea
• 325 The Kingdom of Aksum (Modern Ethiopia) declares Christianity as the official state Religion becoming the 3rd country to do so
• 325 Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, ordered by Constantine
• 326, November 18 Pope Sylvester I consecrates the Basilica of St. Peter built by Constantine the Great over the tomb of the Apostle.
• 328-373 Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, first cite of modern 27 book New Testament canon
• 330 Old Church of the Holy Apostles, dedicated by Constantine
• 330, May 11: Constantinople solemly inaugurated. Constantine moves the capital of the Roman Empire to Byzantium, renaming it New Rome
• 331 Constantine commissioned Eusebius to deliver 50 Bibles for the Church of Constantinople^[17]
• 335 Council in Jerusalem, reversed Nicaea's condemnation of Arius, consecrated Jerusalem Church of the Holy Sepulchre
• 337 Mirian III of Georgia, third to adopt Christianity as state religion
• 337, May 22: Constantine the Great dies. Baptized shortly prior to his death
• 341-379 Shapur II's persecution of Persian Christians
• 343? Catholic Council of Sardica, canons confirmed by Pope Julius
• 350? Julius Firmicus Maternus
• 350? Codex Sinaiticus(א), Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209(B): earliest Christian Bibles, Alexandrian text-type
• 350? Ulfilas, Arian, apostle to the Goths, translated Greek NT to Gothic
• 350? Comma Johanneum 1Jn5:7b-8a(KJV)
• 350? Aëtius, Arian, "Syntagmation": "God is agennetos (unbegotten)", founder of Anomoeanism
• 350? School of Nisibis founded
• 353-367 Hilary, bishop of Poitiers
• 355-365 Antipope Felix II, Arian, supported by Constantius II, consecrated by Acacius of Caesarea
• 357 Council of Sirmium, issued so-called Blasphemy of Sirmium or Seventh Arian Confession,^[18] called high point of Arianism
• 359 Council of Rimini, Dated Creed (Acacians); Pope Liberius rejects Arian creed of council
• 360 Julian the Apostate becomes the last non-Christian Roman Emperor.
• 363-364 Council of Laodicea, canon 29 decreed anathema for Christians who rest on the Sabbath, disputed canon 60 named 26 NT books (excluded Revelation)
• 366-367 Antipope Ursicinus, rival to Pope Damasus I
• 367-403 Epiphanius, bishop of Salamis, wrote Panarion against heresies
• 370-379 Basil the Great, Bishop of Caesarea
• 370? Doctrine of Addai at Edessa proclaims 17 book NT canon using Diatessaron (instead of the 4 Gospels) + Acts + 15 Pauline Epistles (inc. 3 Corinthians) Syriac Orthodox Church
• 370 (d. ca.) Optatus of Milevis who in his conflict with the sectarian Donatists stressed unity and catholicity as marks of the Church over and above hiliness, and also that the sacraments derived their validity from God, not from the priest.
• 372-394 Gregory, Bishop Of Nyssa
• 373 Ephrem the Syrian, cited Western Acts
• 374-397 Ambrose, governor of Milan until 374, then made Bishop of Milan
• 375-395 Ausonius, Christian governor of Gaul
• 379-381 Gregory Nazianzus, Bishop of Constantinople
• 380, February 27: Emperor Theodosius I issues the edict Cunctos populos declaring Christianity as the official state religion of the Roman Empire^[19]
• 380, November 24: Emperor Theodosius I is baptised.
• 381 First Council of Constantinople, 2nd ecumenical, Jesus had true human soul, Nicene Creed of 381
• 382 Catholic Council of Rome under Pope Damasus I sets the Biblical Canon, listing the inspired books of the Old Testament and the New Testament (disputed)
• 383? Frumentius, Apostle of Ethiopia
• 385 Priscillian, first heretic to be executed?
• 386 Cyril of Jerusalem wrote compellingly of catholicity of the Church
• 390? Apollinaris, bishop of Laodicea, believed Jesus had human body but divine spirit
• 391: The Theodosian decrees outlaw most pagan rituals still practiced in Rome.
• 396-430 Augustine, bishop of Hippo, considered the founder of formalized Christian theology (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)
• 397? Saint Ninian evangelizes Picts in Scotland
• 398-404 John Chrysostom Patriarch of Constantinople, see also List of Patriarchs of Constantinople, (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)
• 400: Jerome's Vulgate Latin edition and translation of the Bible is published.
• 400? Ethiopic Bible: in Ge'ez, 81 books, standard Ethiopian Orthodox Bible
• 400? Peshitta Bible in Syriac (Aramaic), Syr(p), OT + 22 NT, excludes: 2Pt, 2-3Jn, Jude, Rev; standard Syriac Orthodox Church Bible
• 406 Armenian Bible, translated by Saint Mesrob, standard Armenian Orthodox Bible
• 410, 24 August: Sack of Rome by Alaric and the Visigoths.
• 412-444 Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, coined Hypostatic union
• 418-419 Antipope Eulalius rival to Pope Boniface I
• 420 St. Jerome, Vulgate translations, Latin scholar, cited expanded ending in Mark after Mark 16:8, Pericope of the Adultress addition to John (John 7:53-8:11) (Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers)
• 423-457 Theodoret, bishop of Cyrrhus, noted Tatian's Diatesseron in heavy use, wrote a Church History
• 431 Council of Ephesus, 3rd ecumenical, repudiated Nestorianism, decreed Mary the Mother of God, forbid any changes to Nicene Creed of 381, rejected by the Persian Church, leading to the Nestorian Schism.
• 432 St Patrick begins mission in Ireland. Almost the entire nation is Christian by the time of his death in a conversion that is both incredibly successful and largely bloodless.
• 440-461 Pope Leo the Great, sometimes considered the first pope (of influence) by non-Catholics, stopped Attila the Hun at Rome, issued Tome in support of Hypostatic Union, approved Council of Chalcedon but rejected canons in 453
• 449 Second Council of Ephesus, Monophysite: Jesus was divine but not human
• 450? Codex Alexandrinus(A): Alexandrian text-type; Codex Bezae(D): Greek/Latin Gospels + Acts; Codex Washingtonianus(W): Greek Gospels; both of Western text-type
• 450? std. Aramaic Targums, Old Testament in Aramaic
• 450? Socrates Scholasticus Church History of 305-438; Sozomen Church History of 323-425
• 451 Council of Chalcedon, 4th ecumenical, declared Jesus is a Hypostatic Union: both human and divine in one, Chalcedonian Creed, rejected by Oriental Orthodoxy
• 455: Sack of Rome by the Vandals. The spoils of the Temple of Jerusalem previously taken by Titus are allegedly among the treasures taken to Carthage.
• 456? Eutyches of Constantinople, Monophysite
• 465? Prosper of Aquitaine
• 476, September 4 Emperor Romulus Augustus is deposed in Rome, marked by many as the fall of the Western Roman Empire
• 484-519 Acacian Schism, over Henoticon divides Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) churches
• 491 Armenian Orthodox split from East (Greek) and West (Latin) churches
• 495 May13 Vicar of Christ decreed a title of Bishop of Rome by Pope Gelasius I
• 496 Clovis I, King of the Franks, baptized
• 498-499,501-506 Antipope Laurentius, rival of Pope Symmachus, Laurentian schism
• 500? Incense introduced in Christian church service, first plans of Vatican
• 524 Boethius, Roman Christian philosopher, wrote: "Theological Tractates", Consolation of Philosophy; (Loeb Classics) (Latin)
• 525 Dionysius Exiguus defines Christian calendar (AD)
• 527 Fabius Planciades Fulgentius
• 529 Benedict of Nursia established his first monastery in the Abbey of Monte Cassino, Italy, where he wrote the Rule of St Benedict
• 530 Antipope Dioscorus, possibly a legitimate Pope
• 535-536 Unusual climate changes recorded
• 537-555 Pope Vigilius, involved in death of Pope Silverius, conspired with Justinian and Theodora, on April 11, 548 issued Judicatum supporting Justinian's anti-Hypostatic Union, excommunicated by bishops of Carthage in 550
• 541-542 Plague of Justinian
• 543 Justinian condemns Origen, disastrous earthquakes hit the world
• 544 Justinian condemns the Three Chapters of Theodore of Mopsuestia (d.428) and other writings of Hypostatic Union Christology of Council of Chalcedon
• 550 St. David converts Wales, crucifix introduced
• 553 Second Council of Constantinople, 5th ecumenical, called by Justinian
• 556-561 Pope Pelagius I, selected by Justinian, endorsed Judicatum
• 563 Columba goes to Scotland to evangelize Picts, establishes monastery at Iona
• 567 Cassiodorus
• 589 Catholic Third Council of Toledo, Reccared and the Visigoths convert from Arianism to Catholicism and Filioque clause is added to Nicene Creed of 381
• 590-604 Pope Gregory the Great, whom many consider the greatest pope ever, reforms church structure and administration and establishes Gregorian Chant, Seven deadly sins ...
• 591-628 Theodelinda, Queen of the Lombards, began gradual conversion from Arianism to Catholicism
• 596 St. Augustine of Canterbury sent by Pope Gregory to evangelise the Jutes
• 600? Evagrius Scholasticus, Church History of AD431-594 [12]
• 604 Saxon cathedral created (by Mellitus) where St Paul's Cathedral in London now stands
• 609 Pantheon, Rome renamed Church of Santa Maria Rotonda
• 612? Bobbio monastery in northern Italy
• 613 Abbey of St. Gall in Switzerland
• 614 Khosrau II of Persia conquered Damascus, Jerusalem, took Holy Cross of Christ
• 624 Battle of Badr, considered beginning of Islamic Empire
• 625 Paulinus of York comes to convert Northumbria
• 628 Babai the Great, pillar of Church of the East, died
• 628-629 Battle of Mut'ah, Heraclius recovered Cross of Christ and Jerusalem from Islam till 638
• 632 Eorpwald of East Anglia baptized under influence of Edwin of Northumbria
• 634-644 Umar, 2nd Sunni Islam Caliph, capital at Damascus, conquered Syria in 635, defeated Heraclius at Battle of Yarmuk in 636, conquered Egypt and Armenia in 639, Persia in 642
• 635 Cynegils of Wessex baptized by Bishop Birinus
• 664 Synod of Whitby unites Celtic Christianity of British Isles with Roman Catholicism
• 680-681 Third Council of Constantinople, 6th ecumenical, against Monothelites, condemned Pope Honorius I, Patriarch Sergius I of Constantinople, Heraclius' Ecthesis
• 681-686 Wilfrid converts Sussex
• 687-691 Dome of the Rock built
• 690? Old English Bible translations
• 692 Orthodox Quinisext Council, convoked by Justinian II, approved Canons of the Apostles of Apostolic Constitutions, Clerical celibacy, rejected by Pope Constantine
• 698 Fall of Carthage
• 711-718 Umayyad conquest of Hispania
• 717-718 Second Arab siege of Constantinople
• 718-1492 Reconquista, Iberian Peninsula retaken by Roman Catholic Visigoth monarchs
• 718 Saint Boniface, archbishop of Mainz; an Englishman, given commission by Pope Gregory II to evangelize the Germans
• 720? Disentis Abbey of Switzerland
• 730-787 First Iconoclasm, Byzantine Emperor Leo III bans Christian icons, Pope Gregory II excommunicates him
• 731 English Church History written by Bede
• 732 Battle of Tours stops Islam from expanding westward
• 750? Tower added to St Peter's Basilica at the front of the atrium
• 752? Donation of Constantine, granted Western Roman Empire to the Pope, later proved a forgery
• 756 Donation of Pepin recognizes Papal States
• 781 Nestorian Stele, Daqin Pagoda, Jesus Sutras, Christianity in China
• 787 Second Council of Nicaea, 7th ecumenical, ends first Iconoclasm
• 793 Sacking of the monastery of Lindisfarne marks the beginning of Viking raids on Christendom.

Middle Ages

Main article: Medieval history of Christianity

• 800 King Charlemagne of the Franks is crowned first Holy Roman Emperor of the West by Pope Leo III.
• 849-865 Ansgar, Archbishop of Bremen, "Apostle of the North", began evangelisation of North Germany, Denmark, Sweden
• 855 Antipope Anastasius, Louis II, Holy Roman Emperor appointed him over Pope Benedict III but popular pressure caused withdrawal
• 863 Saint Cyril and Saint Methodius sent by the Patriarch of Constantinople to evangelise the Slavic peoples. They translate the Bible into Slavonic.
• 869-870 Catholic Fourth Council of Constantinople, condemned Patriarch Photius, rejected by Orthodox
• 879-880 Orthodox Fourth Council of Constantinople, restored Photius, condemned Pope Nicholas I and Filioque, rejected by Catholics
• 897,January Cadaver Synod, Pope Stephen VI conducts trial against dead Pope Formosus, public uprising against Stephen led to his imprisonment and strangulation
• 909 Abbey of Cluny, Benedictine monastery in France
• 966 Mieszko I duke of Poland baptised, Poland becomes a Christian country.
• 984 Antipope Boniface VII, murdered Pope John XIV, alleged to have murdered Pope Benedict VI in 974
• 988? Christianization of Kievan Rus'
• 991 Archbishop Arnulf of Rheims accuses Pope John XV of being the Antichrist
• 997-998 Antipope John XVI, deposed by Pope Gregory V and his cousin Holy Roman Emperor Otto III
• 1001 Byzantine emperor Basil II and Fatimid Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah execute a treaty guaranteeing the protection of Christian pilgrimage routes in the Middle East
• 1009 Caliph Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah destroys the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, built over the tomb of Jesus in Jeruselem, and then rebuilds it to its current state.
• 1012 Antipope Gregory VI, removed by Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor
• 1030 Battle of Stiklestad, considered victory of Christianity over Norwegian Paganism
• 1045 Sigfrid of Sweden, Benedictine evangelist
• 1046 Council of Sutri, Pope Sylvester III exiled, Pope Gregory VI admitted to buying the papacy and resigned, Pope Benedict IX resigned, council appointed Pope Clement II
• 1054 East-West Schism split between Eastern (Orthodox Christianity) and Western (Roman Catholic) churches formalized
• 1058-1059 Antipope Benedict X, defeated in war with Pope Nicholas II and Normans
• 1061-1064 Antipope Honorius II rival of Pope Alexander II
• 1065 Westminster Abbey consecrated
• 1073-1085 Pope Gregory VII, Investiture Controversy with Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, proponent of Clerical celibacy, opponent of simony, concubinage, Antipope Clement III
• 1079 Stanislaus of Szczepanów, patron saint of Poland
• 1080 Hospital of Saint John the Baptist founded in Jeruselem by merchants from Amalfi and Salerno - serves as the foundation for the Knights Hospitaller
• 1082 Engelberg Abbey of Switzerland
• 1093-1109 Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, wrote Cur Deus Homo (Why God Became Man), a landmark exploration of the Atonement
• 1095-1291 10 Crusades, first called by Pope Urban II at Council of Clermont against Islamic empire to reconquer the Holy Land for Christendom
• 1098 Foundation of the reforming monastery of Cîteaux, leads to the growth of the Cistercian order.
• 1101 Antipope Theodoric and Antipope Adalbert deposed by Pope Paschal II
• 1113 Knights Hospitaller confirmed by Papal bull of Pope Paschal II, listing Blessed Gerard (Gerard Thom) as founder, (a.k.a. Sovereign Order of Saint John of Jerusalem of Rhodes and of Malta, Knights of Malta, Knights of Rhodes, and Chevaliers of Malta)
• 1118 Knights Templar founded, to defend Holy Land
• 1123 Catholic First Lateran Council
• 1124 Conversion of Pomerania - first mission of Otto of Bamberg
• 1128 Holyrood Abbey in Scotland
• 1128 Conversion of Pomerania - second mission of Otto of Bamberg
• 1130 Peter of Bruys, burned at the stake
• 1131 Tintern Abbey in Wales
• 1131-1138 Antipope Anacletus II
• 1139 Catholic Second Lateran Council
• 1140? Decretum Gratiani, Catholic Canon law
• 1142 Peter Abélard, Letters of Abelard and Heloise
• 1144 The Saint Denis Basilica of Abbot Suger is the first major building in the style of Gothic architecture.
• 1154-1159 Pope Adrian IV, first (and to date only) English pope
• 1155 Theotokos of Vladimir arrives to Bogolyubovo
• 1155 Carmelites founded
• 1163 Notre Dame de Paris, construction begun
• 1168 Conversion of Pomerania - Principality of Rugia missioned by Absalon
• 1173 Waldensians founded
• 1179 Catholic Third Lateran Council
• 1191 Teutonic Knights founded
• 1204-1261 Latin Empire of Constantinople
• 1205 Saint Francis of Assisi becomes a hermit, founding the Franciscan order of friars, renounces wealth and begins his ministry;
• 1208 Start of the Albigensian Crusade against the Cathars
• 1214 Rosary is reportedly given to St. Dominic (who founded Dominican Order) by an apparition of Mary
• 1215 Catholic Fourth Lateran Council, decreed special dress for Jews and Muslims, and declared Waldensians, founded by Peter Waldo, as heretics. One of the goals was the elimination of the heresy of the Cathars.
• 1219 Francis of Assisi crosses enemy lines during the Fifth Crusade to speak to Sultan al-Kamil; ends with a meal. James of Vitry writes that Muslim soldiers returned Francis and another friar, Illuminato, "with signs of honor." ^[20]
• 1220-1263 St Alexander Nevsky, holy patron of Russia
• 1231 Charter of the University of Paris granted by Pope Gregory IX.
• 1241 Pope Gregory IX denounced as Antichrist by Eberhard II von Truchsees, Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg at the Council of Regensburg
• 1245 Catholic First Council of Lyon
• 1252 May 15, Ad exstirpanda, Pope Innocent IV authorized use of torture in Inquisitions
• 1260 Date which a 1988 Vatican sponsored scientific study places the origin of the Shroud of Turin
• 1263 July 20–24, The Disputation of Barcelona was held at the royal palace of King James I of Aragon in the presence of the King, his court, and many prominent ecclesiastical dignitaries and knights, between a convert from Judaism to Christianity Dominican Friar Pablo Christiani and Rabbi Nachmanides
• 1274 Summa Theologiae, written by Thomas Aquinas, theologian and philosopher, landmark systematic theology which later became official Catholic doctrine
• 1274 Catholic Second Council of Lyon

Renaissance

Main article: Medieval history of Christianity#Late Middle Ages (1300–1499) See also: Renaissance

• 1304-1321 Divine Comedy (Divina Commedia), by Dante Alighieri; most consensual dates are: Inferno written between 1304 and 1307–1308, Purgatorio from 1307-1308 to 1313-1314 and last the Paradiso from 1313-1314 to 1321 (year of Dante's death).
• 1305 The arrest of many of the Knights Templar, beginning confiscation of their property and extraction of confessions under torture.
• 1305-1378 Avignon Papacy, Popes reside in Avignon, France
• 1311-1312 Catholic Council of Vienne, disbanded Knights Templar
• 1313 Foundation of the legendary Order of the Rose Cross (Rosicrucian Order), a mystic Christian fraternity for the first time expounded in the major Christian literary work The Divine Comedy ^{[21][22][23][24]}
• 1314 Jacques de Molay, last Grandmaster of Knights Templar, burned at the stake
• 1326 Metropolitan Peter moves his see from Kiev to Moscow
• 1341-1351 Orthodox Fifth Council of Constantinople
• 1342 Marsilius of Padua
• 1345 Sergii Radonezhskii founds a hermitage in the woods, which would grow into the Troitse-Sergiyeva Lavra
• 1378-1418 Western Schism in Roman Catholicism
• 1380-1382 Wyclif's Bible, by John Wycliffe, eminent theologian at Oxford, NT in 1380, OT (with help of Nicholas of Hereford) in 1382, translations into Middle English, 1st complete translation to English, included deuterocanonical books, preached against abuses, expressed anti-catholic views of the sacraments (Penance and Eucharist), the use of relics, and Clerical celibacy
• 1388 Twenty-five Articles of the Lollards
• 1408 Council of Oxford forbids translations of the Scriptures into the vernacular unless and until they were fully approved by Church authority
• 1409 Council of Pisa, declared Roman Pope Gregory XII and Avignon Pope Benedict XIII deposed, elected Pope Alexander V (called the Pisan Pope)
• 1414-1418 Catholic Council of Constance, asked Gregory XII, Benedict XIII, Pisan Pope John XXIII to resign their papal claims, then elected Pope Martin V; condemned John Wycliffe and Jan Hus who was burned at the stake
• 1423-1424 Council of Siena
• 1425 Catholic University of Leuven
• 1430? Andrei Rublev, the greatest of medieval icon-painters
• 1431 St. Joan of Arc, French national heroine, burned at the stake
• 1431-1445 Catholic Council of Basel-Ferrara-Florence
• 1439 Notre-Dame de Strasbourg, highest building in the world till 1874
• 1453 Fall of Constantinople, overrun by Ottoman Empire
• 1455 Gutenberg Bible, first printed Bible, by Johann Gutenberg
• 1473-1481 Sistine Chapel built
• 1478 Spanish Inquisition established by Pope Sixtus IV
• 1483 Birth of Martin Luther in Eisleben
• 1484 December 5, Summis desiderantes against Witchcraft issued by Pope Innocent VIII
• 1487 Persecution and crusade against the Waldensians instigated by Pope Innocent VIII
• 1492 Columbus opens new continents to Christianity
• 1498 Girolamo Savonarola, Dominican priest, Bonfire of the Vanities
• 1506 Pope Julius II orders the Old St. Peter's Basilica torn down and authorizes Donato Bramante to plan a new structure, demolition completed in 1606, Vatican Swiss Guard founded
• 1508-1512 Michelangelo frescoes the Sistine Chapel's vaulted ceiling
• 1512-1517 Catholic Fifth Council of the Lateran, condemned Conciliarism

Reformation

See also: Protestant Reformation

• 1517 95 Theses of Martin Luther begins German Protestant Reformation
• 1518 Heidelberg Disputation, Martin Luther puts forth his Theology of the Cross
• 1519 Leipzig Debate between Martin Luther and Johann Eck
• 1520 Luther publishes three monumental works, To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation, On the Babylonian Captivity of the Church, and On the Freedom of a Christian
• 1521 Luther refuses to recant his works at the Diet of Worms
• 1521 Papal bull Decet Romanum Pontificem, It Pleases the Roman Pontiff excommunicates Luther
• 1521 Ferdinand Magellan claims the Philippines for Spain, first mass and subsequent conversion to Catholicism, first in East Asia
• 1522 Luther's NT, German NT translation
• 1524 The Freedom of the Will published by Erasmus
• 1525 On the Bondage of the Will published by Luther in response to Erasmus
• 1525 Anabaptist movement begins
• 1526 Tyndale's NT, English NT translation from 1516 Greek text of Erasmus, first printed edition, used as a vehicle by Tyndale for bitter attacks on Catholicism, reflects influence of Luther's NT in rejecting priest for elder, church for congregation, banned in 1546 by Henry VIII
• 1526 Luther publishes his German Mass and The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics, his first written work against the Sacramentarians
• 1528 Reformation in Denmark-Norway and Holstein, Lutheranism is officially adopted
• 1528 Luther affirms the real presence of Christ's body and blood in his Confession Concerning Christ's Supper
• 1529 Marburg Colloquy, Luther defends doctrine of Real Presence in discussion with Zwingli.
• 1530 Augsburg Confession, first doctrinal statement of the Lutheran Church
• 1531 Huldrych Zwingli is killed during the Second war of Kappel
• 1531 Our Lady of Guadalupe in Mexico According to tradition, when the roses fell from it the icon of the Virgin of Guadalupe appeared imprinted on the cactus cloth. The sudden, extraordinary success of the evangelizing of ten million Indians in the decade of 1531–1541.
• 1534 Henry VIII established new independent entity Church of England, see also English Reformation
• 1534 Jesuit order founded by Ignatius of Loyola, helped reconvert large areas of Poland, Hungary, and S. Germany and sent missionaries to the New World, India, and China
• 1535-1537 Myles Coverdale's Bible, used Tyndale's NT along with Latin and German versions, included Apocrypha at the end of the OT (like Luther's Bible of 1534) as was done in later English versions, 1537 edition received royal license, but banned in 1546 by Henry VIII
• 1535 Thomas More refused to accept King Henry VIII's claim to be the supreme head of the Church in England, and was executed.
• 1535-1679 Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
• 1536 Desiderius Erasmus, Dutch scholar, Greek NT used in many 16th century translations
• 1536 Tyndale put to death, left his OT translation in manuscript, English ecclesiastical authorities ordered his Bible burned because it was thought to be part of Lutheran reform
• 1536 Institutes of the Christian Religion written by John Calvin (Calvinism)
• 1536 John of Leiden, fanatic Dutch Anabaptist
• 1536 Jacob Hutter founder of Hutterites
• 1536 Helvetic Confessions of the Reformed Churches of Switzerland
• 1536-1540 Dissolution of the Monasteries in England, Wales and Ireland
• 1536 Pilgrimage of Grace
• 1536-1541 Michelangelo paints the Last Judgement
• 1537 Christian III of Denmark decreed Lutheranism state religion of Norway and Denmark
• 1537 Luther writes Smalcald Articles
• 1537-1551 Matthew Bible, by John Rogers, based on Tyndale and Coverdale received royal license but not authorized for use in public worship, numerous editions, 1551 edition contained offensive notes (based on Tyndale)
• 1539-1569 Great Bible, by Thomas Cromwell, 1st English Bible to be authorized for public use in English churches, defective in many places, based on last Tyndale's NT of 1534-1535, corrected by a Latin version of the Hebrew OT, Latin Bible of Erasmus, and Complutensian Polyglot, last edition 1569, never denounced by England
• 1541 John Calvin returns to Geneva
• 1542 Roman Inquisition established by Pope Paul III
• 1543 Parliament of England bans Tyndale's translation as a "crafty, false and untrue translation"
• 1545-1563 Catholic Council of Trent, counter-reformation against Protestantism, clearly defined an official theology and biblical canon
• 1549 original Book of Common Prayer of the Church of England by Thomas Cranmer
• 1551 The Stoglav Church Council (One Hundred Chapters) Moscow, Russia
• 1552 Joachim Westphal starts controversy against Calvinist, defending Lutheran doctrine of Real Presence
• 1552 Francis Xavier, Jesuit missionary, "Apostle of the Indies"
• 1553 Pontifical Gregorian University founded at Vatican City
• 1553 Michael Servetus founder of Unitarianism, burned at the stake in Geneva
• 1553-1558 Queen Mary I of England persecuted reformers: John Rogers, Hugh Latimer, Nicholas Ridley, Thomas Cranmer; of 238 burned at the stake
• 1555 Peace of Augsburg gives religious freedom in Germany only to Lutheran Protestants
• 1559 Military Order of the Golden Spur founded by Pope Paul IV
• 1560 Geneva Bible, NT a revision of Matthew's version of Tyndale with use of Theodore Beza's NT (1556), OT a thorough revision of Great Bible, appointed to be read in Scotland (but not England), at least 140 editions, first Bible with chapter and verse numbers
• 1560 Scots Confession, Church of Scotland, Scottish Reformation
• 1560-1598 French Wars of Religion
• 1560-1812 Goa Inquisition, persecution of Hindus and Jews in India, see also Christianity in India
• 1561 Menno Simons founder of Mennonites
• 1563 Thirty-Nine Articles of Church of England, also decreed Biblical canon
• 1563 Heidelberg Catechism of Reformed churches
• 1565-73 Examination of the Council of Trent by Martin Chemnitz.
• 1566 Roman Catechism
• 1569 Metropolitan Philip of Moscow strangled by Malyuta Skuratov
• 1571 Dutch Reformed Church
• 1571 Battle of Lepanto saves Christian Europe; Pope Pius V organizes the Holy League led by Don Juan de Austria to defend Europe from the larger Islamic Ottoman forces (230 galleys and 56 galliots)
• 1572 John Knox, founded Scottish Presbyterian Church, due to disagreement with Lutherans over sacraments and church government
• 1572-1606 Bishops' Bible, a revision of the Great Bible checked against the Hebrew text, 1st to be published in England by episcopal authority
• 1572 St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Thousands of Protestants murdered in France.
• 1577 Formula of Concord adopted by German Lutherans
• 1579 Discovery of the holiest Russian icon, Our Lady of Kazan
• 1580 Book of Concord of Lutheranism
• 1582 St Teresa of Avila
• 1582 Gregorian calendar of Pope Gregory XIII adopted at different times in different regions of the world
• 1587 Toyotomi Hideyoshi expelled Jesuits from Kyūshū
• 1587? Mission Nombre De Dios in St. Augustine, Florida, considered first Catholic mission to North America [13]
• 1589 Metropolitan Jove is elected the first Patriarch of Moscow
• 1590 Michelangelo's dome in St Peter's Basilica completed
• 1591 St John of the Cross
• 1592 The Clementine Vulgate of Pope Clement VIII, replaced the Sistine Vulgate of 1590, the standard Latin Catholic Bible until the Second Vatican Council
• 1596 Ukrainian Catholic Church forms when Ukrainian subjects of the king of Poland are reunited with Rome, largest Byzantine Catholic Church

17th century

See also: Age of Reason

• 1600 Giordano Bruno, Dominican priest, burned at the stake
• 1604 Fausto Paolo Sozzini Socinianism
• 1606 Carlo Maderno redesigns St Peter's Basilica into a Latin cross
• 1607 Jamestown, Virginia founded
• 1608 Quebec City founded by Samuel de Champlain
• 1609 Baptist Church founded by John Smyth, due to objections to infant baptism and demands for church-state separation
• 1609-1610 Douay-Rheims Bible, 1st Catholic English translation, OT published in two volumes, based on an unofficial Louvain text corrected by Sistine Vulgate, NT is Rheims text of 1582
• 1611-1800 King James Version (Authorised Version) is released, based primarily on Wycliffe's work & Bishop's Bible of 1572, translators are accused of being "damnable corrupters of God's word", original included Apocrypha
• 1614 Fama Fraternitatis, the first Rosicrucian manifesto (may have been in circulation ca. 1610) presenting the "The Fraternity of the Rose Cross"
• 1615 Confessio Fraternitatis, the second Rosicrucian manifesto describing the "Most Honorable Order" as Christian ("What think you, loving people, and how seem you affected, seeing that you now understand and know, that we acknowledge ourselves truly and sincerely to profess Christ, condemn the Pope, addict ourselves to the true Philosophy, lead a Christian life (...)".)
• 1616 Chemical Wedding of Christian Rosenkreutz, the third Rosicrucian manifesto (an hermetic allegory presenting alchemical and Christian elements)
• 1618-1648 Thirty Years' War
• 1620 Plymouth Colony founded
• 1621 Robert Bellarmine
• 1622-1642 Armand Jean du Plessis, Cardinal Richelieu
• 1630 City upon a Hill, sermon by John Winthrop
• 1634-37 Confessio catholica by Lutheran theologian Johann Gerhard
• 1636 Founding of what was later known as Harvard University as a training school for ministers - the first of thousands of institutions of Christian higher education founded in the USA
• 1636-1638 Cornelius Jansen, bishop of Ypres, founder of Jansenism
• 1637-1638 Shimabara Rebellion
• 1638 Anne Hutchinson banished as a heretic from Massachusetts
• 1641 John Cotton, advocate of theonomy, helps to establish the social constitution of the Massachusetts Bay Colony.
• 1643 Acta Sanctorum
• 1643 John Campanius arrives in New Sweden
• 1644 Long Parliament directed that only Hebrew canon be read in the Church of England (effectively removed the Apocrypha)
• 1646 Westminster Standards produced by the Assembly, one of the first and undoubtedly the most important and lasting religious document drafted after the reconvention of the Parliament, also decreed Biblical canon
• 1648 George Fox founds the Quaker movement
• 1650 James Ussher, calculates date of creation as October 23, 4004 BC
• 1653-56 Raskol of the Russian Orthodox Church
• 1655-1677, Abraham Calovius publishes Systema Iocorum theologicorum, height of Lutheran scholasticism
• 1660-1685 King Charles II of England, restoration of monarchy, continuing through James II, reversed decision of Long Parliament of 1644, reinstating the Apocrypha, reversal not heeded by non-conformists
• 1666 Paul Gerhardt, Lutheran pastor and hymnwriter is removed from his position as a pastor in Nikolaikirche in Berlin, when he refuses to accept "syncretistic" edict of the Elector Friedrich Wilhelm I of Brandenburg
• 1672 Greek Orthodox Synod of Jerusalem, decreed Biblical canon
• 1675 Philipp Jakob Spener publishes Pia Desideria, which becomes a manifesto for Pietism
• 1678 John Bunyan publishes Pilgrim's Progress
• 1682 Avvakum, leader of the Old Believers, burned at the stake in the Far North of Russia
• 1684 Roger Williams (theologian), advocate of Separation of church and state, founder of Providence, Rhode Island
• 1685 Edict of Fontainebleau outlaws Protestantism in France
• 1685 Orthodoxy introduced to Beijing by Russian Orthodox Church
• 1692 Salem witch trials in Colonial America
• 1692-1721 Chinese Rites controversy
• 1693 Jacob Amman founder of Amish

18th century

See also: Age of Enlightenment

• 1701 Old Catholic Church of the Netherlands splits with Roman Catholicism
• 1706 Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg, missionary, arrives in Tranquebar
• 1707 Examen theologicum acroamaticum by David Hollatz: the last great work of the Lutheran doctrine before the Age of Enlightenment
• 1718-22 orthodox Lutheran Valentin Ernst Löscher publishes The Complete Timotheus Verinus against Pietism
• 1721 Peter the Great substituted Moscow Patriarchate with the Holy Synod
• 1722 Hans Egede, missionary, arrives in Greenland
• 1728 The Vicar of Bray (song)
• 1730-1749 First Great Awakening in U.S.
• 1735 Welsh Methodist revival
• 1738 Methodist movement, led by John Wesley and his hymn-writing brother Charles, begins
• 1740 Johann Phillip Fabricius, missionary, arrives in South India
• 1741 Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, famous Fire and brimstone sermon
• 1754 An Historical Account of Two Notable Corruptions of Scripture, by Isaac Newton, published
• 1767-1815 Suppression of the Jesuits
• 1768 New Smyrna, Florida, Greek Orthodox colony founded
• 1768 Reimarus dies without publishing his radical critic work distinguishing Historical Jesus versus Christ of Faith
• 1769 Mission San Diego de Alcala, first California mission
• 1771 Emanuel Swedenborg, published his "Universal Theology of the True Christian Religion" which would later used by others to found Swedenborgianism ^[25]
• 1774 Ann Lee leader of American Shakers
• 1774 Gotthold Ephraim Lessing starts publishing Reimarus works on historical Jesus as Anonymous Fragments, starting Liberal Theology Era (in Christology)
• 1776-1788 Gibbon's The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, critical of Christianity
• 1776 Mission Dolores, San Francisco
• 1779 Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, "Jesus never coerced anyone to follow him, and the imposition of a religion by government officials is impious"
• 1780 Robert Raikes begins Sunday schools to reach poor and uneducated children in England
• 1784 American Methodists form Methodist Episcopal Church at so-called "Christmas Conference", led by bishops Thomas Coke and Francis Asbury
• 1784 Roman Catholicism is re-introduced in Korea and disseminates after almost 200 years since its first introduction in 1593.
• 1789-1815 John Carroll, Archdiocese of Baltimore, first Roman Catholic US bishop
• 1789-1801 Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution
• 1791 First Amendment to the United States Constitution
• 1793 Herman of Alaska brings Orthodoxy to Alaska
• 1795 The Age of Reason written by Thomas Paine, advocated Deism
• 1796 Treaty with Tripoli (1796), article 11: "the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion"

19th century

See also: Industrial Revolution

• 1800 Friedrich Schleiermacher publishes his first book, beginning Liberal Christianity movement
• 1801 Cane Ridge revival in Cane Ridge, Kentucky initiates the Christians (Stone Movement) wing of the Restoration Movement
• 1809 Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement) wing of the Restoration Movement initiated with the publication of the Declaration and Address of the Christian Association of Washington
• 1815 Peter the Aleut, orthodox Christian tortured and martyred in Catholic San Francisco, California
• 1816 Bishop Richard Allen, a former slave, founds the African Methodist Episcopal Church, the first African-American denomination
• 1817 Claus Harms publishes 95 theses against rationalism and Prussian Union
• 1819 Thomas Jefferson produced the Jefferson Bible
• 1824 English translation of Wilhelm Gesenius' ...Handwörterbuch...: Hebrew-English Lexicon, Hendrickson Publishers
• 1827 Ernst Wilhelm Hengstenberg takes on the editorship of the Evangelische Kirchenzeitung, the chief literary organ of the Neo-Lutheranism
• 1828 Plymouth Brethren founded, Dispensationalism
• 1830 Catherine Laboure receives Miraculous Medal from the Blessed Mother in Paris, France.
• 1830 Charles Finney's revivals lead to Second Great Awakening in America
• 1830, April 6 Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Mormonism) founded by Joseph Smith, Jr. as a result of reported visitations and commandment by God the Father, Jesus Christ, and later the Angel Moroni. Book of Mormon also published in 1830.
• 1832 Christians (Stone Movement) and Disciples of Christ (Campbell Movement) merge to form the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement
• 1832 persecution of Old Lutherans: by a royal decree of 28 February all Lutheran worship is declared illegal in Prussia in favour of Prussian Union [14].
• 1833 John Keble's sermon "National Apostasy" initiates the Oxford Movement in England
• 1838-1839 Saxon Lutherans objecting to theological rationalism emigrate from Germany to the United States; settle in Perry County, Missouri. Leads to formation of the LC-MS
• 1844 Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder, missionary, arrives in Port Natal, South Africa
• 1843, Disruption of: schism within the established Church of Scotland
• 1844 Lars Levi Laestadius experiences awakening: beginning of Laestadianism
• 1844, October 22 Great Disappointment, false prediction of Second Coming of Christ by Millerites
• 1845 Southern Baptist Convention formed in Augusta, Georgia
• 1846 Bernadette Soubirous received the first of 18 apparitions of Our Lady of Lourdes in Lourdes, France. Six million a year visit Lourdes Shrine.
• 1847 Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod founded at in Chicago, Illinois.
• 1847 John Christian Frederick Heyer, missionary, arrives in Andhra Pradesh, India
• 1848 Epistle to the Easterns and Encyclical of the Eastern Patriarchs response
• 1848 Perfectionist movement in western New York state
• 1849 Johann Konrad Wilhelm Löhe founds the first deaconess house in Neuendettelsau, Bavaria
• 1850 Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod founded in Milwaukee
• 1853 Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America founded outside Madison, Wisconsin
• 1854 Missionary Hudson Taylor arrives in China
• 1854 Immaculate Conception, defined as Catholic dogma
• 1855 Søren Kierkegaard, founder of Christian existentialism
• 1855 Samuel Simon Schmucker begins attempt to replace the Augsburg Confession with the Definite Platform in the General Synod, leading to schism in 1866.
• 1859 Ashbel Green Simonton, missionary, arrives in Brazil and founds Igreja Presbiteriana do Brasil, the oldest Brazilian Protestant denomination
• 1863 Seventh-day Adventist Church officially formed twenty 20 years after the Great Disappointment
• 1865 Methodist preacher William Booth founds the Salvation Army, vowing to bring the gospel into the streets to the most desperate and needy
• 1866 General Council (Lutheran) formed by ten Lutheran synods in the United States
• 1869-1870 Catholic First Vatican Council, asserted doctrine of Papal Infallibility, rejected by Christian Catholic Church of Switzerland
• 1870 Italy declared war on the Papal States. The Italian Army enters Rome. Papal States ceased to exist.
• 1871 Pontmain, France was saved from advancing German troops with the appearing of Our Lady of Hope
• 1871-1878 German Kulturkampf against Roman Catholicism

• 1872 Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America organized
• 1876 Evangelical Lutheran Free Church (Germany) founded
• 1878 First translation of the New Testament into Batak by Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
• 1879 Knock, Ireland was location of the apparition of Our Lady, Queen of Ireland.
• 1879 Church of Christ, Scientist founded in Boston by Mary Baker Eddy
• 1881-1894 Revised Version, called for by Church of England, used Greek based on Septuagint (B) and (S), Hebrew Masoretic Text used in OT, follows Greek order of words, greater accuracy than AV, includes Apocrypha, scholarship never disputed
• 1884 Charles Taze Russell founded Bible Student movement known today as Jehovah's Witnesses
• 1885-1887 Uganda Martyrs
• 1885 Baltimore Catechism
• 1886 Moody Bible Institute
• 1886 Onesimos Nesib, begins translation of the entire Bible into the Oromo language
• 1886 Johann Flierl, missionary, arrives in New Guinea
• 1893 Heresy trial of Luther Alexander Gotwald
• 1894 The Kingdom of God is Within You, by Leo Tolstoy, start of Christian anarchism
• 1897 Christian flag, conceived in Brooklyn, New York
• 1899 Gideons International founded

20th century

Main article: Christianity in the 20th century

• 1903 First group baptism at Sattelberg Mission Station under Christian Keyser in New Guinea paves way for mass conversions during the following years
• 1904 Welsh revival
• 1904 Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil - Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil - was founded in Juni 24, in São Pedro do Sul city, State Rio Grande do Sul
• 1905 French law on the separation of Church and State
• 1906 Albert Schweitzer publishes The Quest of the Historical Jesus (English translation 1910)
• 1906 Biblia Hebraica
• 1906-1909 Azusa Street Revival in Los Angeles, CA begins modern Pentecostal movement
• 1907 The Church of God in Christ was formed as a Pentecostal Body
• 1907-1912 Nicholas of Japan, Archbishop of Japanese Orthodox Church
• 1909 Scofield Reference Bible
• 1909-1911 The Rosicrucian Fellowship, an international association of Esoteric Christian mystics, founded at Mount Ecclesia
• 1910 Edinburgh Missionary Conference launches modern missions movement and modern ecumenical movement; 5-point statement of the Presbyterian General Assembly, also used by Fundamentalists
• 1910-1915 The Fundamentals, a 12-volume collection of essays by 64 British and American scholars and preachers, a foundation of Fundamentalism
• 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia
• 1914 Welsh Church Act 1914
• 1914 Iglesia ni Cristo incorporated in the Philippines
• 1914 Paul Olaf Bodding completes his translation of the Bible into the Santali language.
• 1915-1917 Armenian Genocide
• 1916 Father Divine founded International Peace Mission movement
• 1916 And did those feet in ancient time
• 1917 Heinrich Hansen publishes Lutheran Evangelical Catholic theses Stimuli et Clavi
• 1917 Our Lady of Fatima appear Marian apparitions to 3 young people, in Fatima, Portugal. They were Jacinta Marto, Tiago Veloso and Lúcia (Sister Lucia)
• 1917 Miracle of the Sun an event that was witnessed by as many as 100,000 people on 13 October 1917 in the Cova da Iria fields near Fátima, Portugal. How the Sun Danced at Midday at Fátima [15] [16]
• 1917 Restitution of the Moscow Patriarchy with Tikhon as patriarch
• 1917 True Jesus Church founded in Beijing
• 1918 Execution of Holy Martyrs of Russia, including the last tsar, Nicholas II, and his wife, Alexandra Feodorovna
• 1918 United Lutheran Church in America founded
• 1919 Karl Barth's Commentary on Romans is published, critiquing Liberal Christianity and beginning the neo-orthodox movement
• 1920 The Ecclesia, an Esoteric Christian Temple, was erected and dedicated on Christmas Day (December 25)
• 1921 Oxford Group founded at Oxford
• 1923 Aimee Semple McPherson built Angelus Temple
• 1924 First religious radio station in the U.S., KFUO (AM), founded
• 1925 Scopes Trial, caused division among Fundamentalists
• 1925 United Church of Canada formed
• 1925 St. Therese of Lisieux canonized
• 1926 Father Charles Coughlin's first radio broadcast
• 1926-1929 Cristero War in Mexico, the Constitution of 1917 brought persecution of Christian practices and anti-clerical laws - approximately 4,000 Catholic Priests were expelled, assassinated or executed
• 1927 Varghese Palakkappillil founded the Congregation of Sisters of the Destitute
• 1927 Pope Pius XI decrees Comma Johanneum open to dispute
• 1929 Lateran Treaty signed containing three agreements between kingdom of Italy and the papacy.
• 1929 Death of Varghese Palakkappillil
• 1930 Rastafari movement founded
• 1930 old American Lutheran Church founded
• 1930 The Lutheran Hour begins with Walter A. Maier as speaker
• 1931 Jehovah's Witnesses founded see 1884 for more information.
• 1931 Christ the Redeemer (statue) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
• 1932 Franz Pieper's A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod. adopted by the LCMS
• 1932 Our Lady appeared to five school children in Beauraing, Belgium as Lady Virgin of the Poor [17] [18]
• 1933 Catholic Worker Movement founded
• 1934 Herbert W. Armstrong founded Radio Church of God
• 1935 Gunnar Rosendal publishes Lutheran High Church manifesto Kyrklig förnyelse
• 1935 Dr. Frank C. Laubach, known as "The Apostle to the Illiterates." working in the Philippines, developed a literacy program that continues to teach millions of people to read.
• 1935 Rahlf's critical edition of the Koine Greek Septuagint
• 1935 Billy Sunday, early U.S. radio evangelist
• 1938 First Debbarma Christian, Manindra Debbarma, was baptized at Agartala.
• 1938 Tripura Baptist Christian Union was established at Laxmilunga, Tripura.
• 1939 Southern and Northern US branches of the Methodist Episcopal Church, along with the Methodist Protestant Church reunite to form The Methodist Church. Slavery had divided the church in the 19th century.
• 1940 Monumento Nacional de Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caidos, world's largest cross, 152.4 meters high
• 1942 National Association of Evangelicals founded\
• 1945 On the Feast of the Annunciation, Our Lady appeared to a simple woman, Ida Peerdeman, in Amsterdam. This was the first of 56 appearances as "Our Lady of All Nations" [19], which took place between 1945 and 1959.
• 1945 Dietrich Bonhoeffer is executed by the Nazis
• 1945 Ludwig Müller
• 1945 The Nag Hammadi library is discovered.
• 1946-1952 Revised Standard Version, revision of AV "based on consonantal Hebrew text" for OT and best available texts for NT, done in response to changes in English usage
• 1947 Uneasy Conscience of Modern Fundamentalism by Carl F. H. Henry, a landmark of Evangelicalism versus Fundamentalism in US
• 1947 Oral Roberts founded Evangelistic Association
• 1947 Dead Sea scrolls discovered
• 1947 Lutheran World Federation founded
• 1948 World Council of Churches is founded
• 1948 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, see also Christian Zionism
• 1949 evangelist Billy Graham preaches his first Los Angeles crusade
• 1949 Saint John Evangelical Lutheran Community - Comunidade Evangélica Luterana São João da Igreja Evangélica Luterana do Brasil - was founded October 2, in Passo Fundo city, State Rio Grande do Sul
• 1950 First part of the Common Confession between the American Lutheran Church and the LCMS is adopted, resulting in the schism of the Orthodox Lutheran Conference.
• 1950 New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures released
• 1950 Assumption of Mary decreed by Pope Pius XII
• 1950 Missionaries of Charity founded by Mother Teresa
• 1951 Bishop Fulton Sheen (1919–1979) debutes his television program Life is Worth Living on the DuMont Network. His half hour lecture program on Roman Catholic theology remained the number one show on U.S. television for its time slot, winning several Emmys until Sheen ended the program in 1957.
• 1951 The Last Temptation a fictional account of the life of Jesus written by Nikos Kazantzakis, wherein Christ's divinity is juxtaposed with his humanity, is published, and promptly banned in many countries.
• 1951 Campus Crusade for Christ founded at UCLA
• 1952 Novum Testamentum Graece, critical edition of Greek NT, basis of modern translations
• 1952 C. S. Lewis' Mere Christianity
• 1952 This Is the Life TV series begins
• 1954 Unification Church founded under the name Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity, acronymed HSA-UWC.
• 1954 U.S. Pledge of Allegiance modified by act of Congress from "one nation, indivisible" to "one nation under God, indivisible"
• 1956 In God We Trust designated U.S. national motto
• 1956 Anchor Bible Series
• 1956 The Ten Commandments (1956 film)
• 1957 United Church of Christ founded by ecumenical union of Congregationalists and Evangelical & Reformed, representing Calvinists and Lutherans
• 1957 English translation of Walter Bauer's Wörterbuch ...: A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature, University of Chicago Press
• 1958 Sedevacantism
• 1959 Family Radio founded
• 1959 Franz Pieper's A Brief Statement of the Doctrinal Position of the Missouri Synod. reaffirmed by the LCMS
• 1960 Merger creates the "new" American Lutheran Church
• 1961 New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures
• 1961 Christian Broadcasting Network founded
• 1962 Engel v. Vitale, first U.S. Supreme Court decision against School prayer
• 1962 Karl Rahner, Joseph Ratzinger, Yves Congar, John Courtney Murray, Hans Kung among others appointed "periti" for upcoming Second Vatican Council. Rahner famous for paraphrasing Augustine's axiom: "Many whom God has the Church does not have; and many whom the Church has, God does not have."
• 1962-1965 Catholic Second Vatican Council, announced by Pope John XXIII in 1959, produced 16 documents which became official Roman Catholic teaching after approval by the Pope, purpose to renew "ourselves and the flocks committed to us"
• 1963 Martin Luther King leads a civil rights march in Washington, D.C.
• 1963 campaign by Madalyn Murray O'Hair results in U.S. Supreme Court ruling prohibiting reading of Bible in public schools
• 1963 Oral Roberts University founded
• 1963 Evangelical Lutheran Synodical Conference of North America dissolves in schism
• 1963 New Testament of Beck's American Translation completed, thousands of copies distributed through The Lutheran Hour
• 1965 Reginald H. Fuller's The Foundations of New Testament Christology
• 1965 Rousas John Rushdoony founds Chalcedon Foundation
• 1965 Nostra Aetate Declaration promulgated at Vatican II that repudiates the charge of deicide against Jews
• 1966 Raymond E. Brown's Commentary on the Gospel of John
• 1967 Lutheran Council in the United States of America organized
• 1968 Zeitoun, Egypt, a bright image of the Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Zeitoun was seen over the Coptic Orthodox Church of Saint Demiana for over a 3 year period. Over six million Egyptians and foreigners saw the image, including Copts, Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Protestants, Muslims, Jews and people of no particular faith.
• 1968 United Methodist Church formed with union of Methodist Church & Evangelical United Brethren Church, becoming the largest Methodist/Wesleyan church in the world
• 1970s The Jesus movement takes hold in the U.S. One-way.org
• 1970 Mass of Paul VI replaces Tridentine Mass
• 1970 The Late, Great Planet Earth futurist book by Hal Lindsey
• 1970? Chick Publications
• 1971 New American Standard Bible
• 1971 The Exorcist, a novel of demonic possession and the mysteries of the Catholic faith, is published.
• 1971 Liberty University founded by Jerry Falwell
• 1972 Worldwide Faith Missions is founded by Dr Johannes Maas, following a request to care for orphans made by Christian leaders during a Christian crusade in India ^[26]
• 1972 Most Lutheran free churches in Germany merge, forming the Independent Evangelical-Lutheran Church
• 1973 On June 12, 1973, near the city of Akita, Our Lady appeared to Sister Agnes Katsuko Sasagawa. Three messages were given to Sr. Agnes over a period 5 months. Our Lady of Akita [20].
• 1973 Trinity Broadcasting Network founded
• 1973 New International Version of the Bible is first published (revised in 1978,1984), using a variety of Greek texts, Masoretic Hebrew texts, and current English style
• 1973 Walkout at Concordia Seminary begins the Seminex controversy in the LCMS
• 1974 Jim Bakker founds PTL television ministry
• 1975 Bruce Metzger's Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament
• 1976 Anneliese Michel, Bavarian woman, underwent exorcism against demon possession
• 1976 Suicide by self-immolation of Oskar Brüsewitz, leads to mass protests against communism
• 1977 New Perspective on Paul
• 1977 Focus on the Family founded by James Dobson
• 1978 Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
• 1978-2005 Pope John Paul II, reaffirmed moral traditions (The Splendor of Truth)
• 1979 Moral Majority founded by Jerry Falwell
• 1979 Jesus (1979 film), most watched movie of all time according to New York Times
• 1979-1982? New King James Version, complete revision of 1611 AV, updates archaisms while retaining style
• 1981 Kibeho, Rwanda reported that Our Lady appeared to several teenages telling them to pray to avoid "rivers of blood" Marian apparitions [21]. This was an ominious foreshadowing of the Rwanda Genocide of 1994. [22]
• 1981 Mother Angelica launches EWTN; it grows to become one of the largest television networks in the world; the operation expands to radio in 1992.
• 1981 Institute on Religion and Democracy is founded.
• 1982 Chicago Statement on Biblical Hermeneutics
• 1985 Jesus Seminar founded
• 1985 E. P. Sanders' Jesus and Judaism
• 1986 Chicago Statement on Biblical Application
• 1987 Danver's Statement - Council on Biblical Manhood and Womanhood
• 1988 Evangelical Lutheran Church in America founded.
• 1988 Lutheran Council in the United States of America dissolved.
• 1988 Christian Coalition
• 1988 The Last Temptation of Christ, directed by Martin Scorsese, is released by Universal Pictures, and promptly attacked as heretical by organized Christian and Catholic groups.
• 1988 The celebration of 1000 years since the baptism of Kievan Rus throughout the R.O.C.
• 1989 New Revised Standard Version
• 1990 American Center for Law and Justice founded
• 1991 John P. Meier's series A Marginal Jew: Rethinking the Historical Jesus, v. 1
• 1992 Catechism of the Catholic Church
• 1993 Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference founded
• 1993 International Lutheran Council founded
• 1994 "Evangelicals & Catholics Together" [23]
• 1994 Porvoo Communion
• 1994 Answers In Genesis founded by Ken Ham
• 1994,July 3- Glorification of St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco
• 1996 Cambridge Declaration - Alliance of Confessing Evangelicals [24]
• 1997, March 5–10 World Council of Churches: Towards a Common Date for Easter, see also Reform of the date of Easter
• 1998, April 6 PBS Frontline: From Jesus to Christ
• 1999 International House of Prayer in Kansas City begins non-stop 24/7 continual prayer
• 1999, October 31 signing of the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification between the Lutheran World Federation and the Catholic Church
• 1999 Gospel of Jesus Christ - An Evangelical Celebration; a consensus Gospel endorsed by various evangelical leaders including J.I. Packer, John Ankerberg, Jerry Falwell, Thomas C. Oden, R.C. Sproul, Wayne Grudem, Charles Swindoll, et al.
• 1999 Radical Orthodoxy Christian theological movement begins, critiquing modern secularism and emphasizing the return to traditional doctrine; similar to the Paleo-orthodoxy Christian theological movement of the late 20th century and early 21st century, which sees the consensual understanding of the faith among the Church Fathers as the basis of Biblical interpretation and the foundation of the Church.

21st century

Main article: Christianity in the 21st century

• 2000 Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ founded in schism from Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (ELCA) over fellowship with the Episcopal Church (TEC)
• 2000 Visions of the Virgin Mary are reported in Assiut, Upper Egypt;^[27] phenomena associated to Mary is reported again in 2006, in a church at the same location during the Mass.^[28] Local Coptic priests and then the Coptic Orthodox Church of Assiut issue statements in 2000 and 2006 respectively.
• 2001 The Way of the Master founded
• 2003 the Mission Province is established in Church of Sweden: new era for confessional Lutheranism in Scandinavia.
• 2005 Death of Pope John Paul II, election of Pope Benedict XVI
• 2006 World Methodist Council voted unanimously to adopt the Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification (July 18).^[29][30]
• 2006 A film of the Gospel of Judas, a 2nd century Gnostic account of Judas discovered in the 1970s, is shown on TV.
• 2007 The Creation Museum opens in Kentucky, United States.
• 2007 The American Association of Lutheran Churches and LCMS declare pulpit and altar fellowship
• 2007 The reunification of the Russian Orthodox Church after 80 years of schism (May 17).
• 2008 Conservative Anglicans indicate that they plan to split from liberal Anglicans in "The Jerusalem Declaration" [25]
• 2009 Damien of Molokai canonized; apostle to lepers
• 2009 the Minneapolis Churchwide Assembly of the ELCA on 21 August 2009, passed four ministry policy resolutions that would permit clergy in committed homosexual partnerships to be rostered leaders within the ELCA.
• 2009 The Rosicrucian Fellowship, an international association of Esoteric Christian mystics,^[31] celebrates the centennial anniversary -- The Fraternity should remain secret one hundred years;^[32] the celebration ceremonies, on August 8 and November 13^[33] at Mount Ecclesia, serve the purpose of heralding the revival of the Christian mystic path of the Rose Cross.^[34][35]
• 2009 Varghese Palakkappillil declared Servant of God.
• 2009 Manhattan Declaration: A Call of Christian Conscience is issued, signed by over 150 American religious leaders.
• 2010 Lutheran CORE creates North American Lutheran Church in schism from the ELCA
• 2010 October 31 Attack on Baghdad church results in 52 deaths.^[36]
• 2010 New Jerusalem calendar reforms Gregorian calendar. Fixes Easter date on March 22.^[37]
• 2011 Martyrdom of Shahbaz Bhatti, Pakistani politician and the only Christian elected member of the National Assembly, who was an outspoken critic of Pakistan's blasphemy laws.

Sources

• World Almanac and Book of Facts
• Academic American Encyclopedia (on Compuserve)
• Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary
• English Versions of the Bible by John Berchmans Dockery O.F.M.
• David Pentrack's "Et Cum Spiritu Tuo" website
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Biblical Chronology

See also

History portal

• Timeline of Christian Missions
• History of ancient Israel and Judah
• Chronology of the Bible
• Timeline of the Roman Catholic Church

External links

• Society to Explore and Record Christian History
• OrthodoxWiki: Timeline of Church History (from the Orthodox POV)
• St. Ignatius Church: Timeline (from the Orthodox POV)
• Catholic Encyclopedia: Jerusalem (Before A.D. 71)
• Missions time line - Important events, locations, people and movements in World Evangelism

Footnotes

1. ^ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 246: "When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6 CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted into a Roman province under the name Iudaea."
2. ^ John P. Meier's A Marginal Jew, v. 1, ch. 11; also H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 251: "But after the first agitation (which occurred in the wake of the first Roman census) had faded out, we no longer hear of bloodshed in Judea until the days of Pilate."
3. ^ Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Tiberius 36; Jewish Encyclopedia: Rome: Expelled Under Tiberius: "The Jewish deputation which petitioned for the deposition of the royal house of the Idumeans was joined by 8,000 Jewish residents of Rome. Several Romans adopted Jewish customs, and some, as the rhetor Cilicius of Kalakte, a friend of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, even embraced Judaism (Müller, "Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum," iii. 331). The reign of Tiberius (until the removal of his minister Sejanus) was fraught with misfortune for the Jews. When the cult of Isis was driven out of Rome (19 C.E.) the Jews also were expelled, because a Roman lady who inclined toward Judaism had been deceived by Jewish swindlers. The synagogues were closed, the vessels burned, and 4,000 Jewish youths were sent upon military service to Sardinia. After the death of Sejanus (31) the emperor allowed the Jews to return."; H.H. Ben-Sasson's A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 288 notes: "Explicit evidence of a systematic attempt to propagate the Jewish faith in the city of Rome is found as early as 139 BCE. With the increase of the Jewish population of Rome, the Jews intensified their efforts to make converts among the Romans. Although the activity of Jewish missionaries in Roman society caused Tiberius to expel them from that city in 19 CE, they soon returned, and Jewish religious propaganda was resumed and maintained even after the destruction of the Temple. Tacitus mentions it regretfully (Histories 5.5), and Juvenal, in his Fourteenth Satire (11. 96ff.), describes how Roman families 'degenerated' into Judaism: the fathers permitted themselves to adopt some of its customs and the sons became Jews in every respect. ... the Bible provided the apostles of Judaism with a literature unparalleled in any other religion."
4. ^ G. J. Goldberg. "John the Baptist and Josephus". http://members.aol.com/FLJOSEPHUS/JohnTBaptist.htm. Retrieved 2006-08-16.
5. ^ H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula, pages 254-256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37-41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the Julio-Claudian empire. Until then — if one accepts Sejanus' heyday and the trouble caused by the census after Archelaus' banishment — there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire East."
6. ^ A. J. MAAS (2003). Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ. Retrieved January 23, 2006. Walter Bauer's et al. Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament, 1979, under Christos notes: "as a personal name; the Gentiles must have understood Christos in this way (to them it seemed very much like Chrestos [even in pronunciation ...], a name that is found in lit."
7. ^ Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, Claudius XXV.4; Jewish Encyclopedia: Rome: Expelled Under Tiberius: "... in 49-50, in consequence of dissensions among them regarding the advent of the Messiah, they were forbidden to hold religious services. The leaders in the controversy, and many others of the Jewish citizens, left the city."
8. ^ Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers see section titled: "THE INCIDENT AT ANTIOCH"
9. ^ Pauline Chronology: His Life and Missionary Work, from Catholic Resources by Felix Just, S.J.
10. ^ [1]
11. ^ In the earliest extant manuscript containing Annales 15:44, the second Medicean, the e in "Chrestianos", Chrestians, has been changed into an i; cf. Gerd Theißen, Annette Merz, Der historische Jesus: ein Lehrbuch, 2001, p. 89. The reading Christianos, Christians, is therefor doubtful.
12. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Fiscus Iudaicus, Suetonius's Domitian XII: "Besides other taxes, that on the Jews [A tax of two drachmas a head, imposed by Titus in return for free permission to practice their religion; see Josephus, Bell. Jud. 7.6.6] was levied with the utmost rigor, and those were prosecuted who, without publicly acknowledging that faith, yet lived as Jews, as well as those who concealed their origin and did not pay the tribute levied upon their people [These may have been Christians, whom the Romans commonly assumed were Jews]. I recall being present in my youth when the person of a man ninety years old was examined before the procurator and a very crowded court, to see whether he was circumcised."
13. ^ Wylen, Stephen M., The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction, Paulist Press (1995), ISBN 0-8091-3610-4, Pp 190-192.; Dunn, James D.G., Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), ISBN 0-8028-4498-7, Pp 33-34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, The Romans: From Village to Empire, Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN 0-19-511875-8, p. 426.;
14. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Tarfon: "R. Ṭarfon was extremely bitter against those Jews who had been converted to the new faith; and he swore that he would burn every book of theirs which should fall into his hands (Shab. 116a), his feeling being so intense that he had no scruples against destroying the Gospels, although the name of God occurred frequently in them."
15. ^ Richard McBrien The Church (New York: HarperOne, 2008) 390
16. ^ [2]
17. ^ The Canon Debate, McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, pages 414-415
18. ^ The Seventh Arian (or Second Sirmium) Confession Sirmium (357)
19. ^ Theodosian Code XVI.1.2 Medieval Sourcebook: Banning of Other Religions by Paul Halsall, June 1997, Fordham University, retrieved September 25, 2006; IMPERATORIS THEODOSIANI CODEX Liber Decimus Sextus, Emperor Theodosius, George Mason University retrieved September 25, 2006; Theodosian Code XVI.1.2; Catholic Encyclopedia: Theodosius I: "In February, 380, he and Gratian published the famous edict that all their subjects should profess the faith of the Bishops of Rome and Alexandria (Cod. Theod., XVI, I, 2; Sozomen, VII, 4)."
20. ^ Paul Moses, "Mission Improbable: St. Francis and the Sultan" Commonweal 25 September 2009, 16.
21. ^ The Rosicrucian Fellowship: The Rosicrucian Interpretation of Christianity
22. ^ Albert Pike, Morals and Dogma of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry, XXX: Knight Kadosh, p. 822, 1872
23. ^ René Guénon, El Esoterismo de Dante, p. 5-6, 14, 15-16, 18-23, 1925
24. ^ Manly Palmer Hall, The Secret Teachings of All Ages: The Fraternity of The Rose Cross, p. 139, 1928
25. ^ The Works of Emanuel Swedenborg in Chronological Order
26. ^ http://www.feedtheorphans.org/
27. ^ Independent Online - South Africa, Virgin Mary 'appears over Egyptian church', August 31, 2000
28. ^ Holy Lights in Assiut: Apparition in Assiut: Eyewitness Account, Upper Egypt March/April 2006
29. ^ Joan G. LaBarr, United Methodist Church, World Methodists approve further ecumenical dialogue
30. ^ [3]
31. ^ Cf. years 1909-1911 and 1920 in the 20th century section
32. ^ Cf. Fama Fraternitatis. 1614
33. ^ Note: Centennial anniversary (on November 13, 2009) of the publication of The Rosicrucian Cosmo-Conception or Mystic Christianity
34. ^ Cf. year 1313 in the Renaissance section and years 1614 to 1616 in the 17th century section
35. ^ Rosicrucian revival. The San Diego Union-Tribune. August 2009
36. ^ "Eyewitness: Baghdad church siege".
37. ^ http://alphaomeganewjerusalem.com/SUNDAY.pdf

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